Chapter 2:  The Development of American Police:  An Historical Overview

• Explain the following:

  The Frankpledge System
  Duties of the Constable and Shire Reeve
  Parish System
  Hue and Cry

• How did the Industrial Revolution affect law enforcement?
• What was the London Metropolitan Police Act?
• Distinguish between cops and bobbies
• Who are the "Progessives?" What did they recommend?
• What are the pros and cons to civil service?
• According to Fogelson, why did the reform movement fail?
• Explain the "Professional Model."
• What significance did the following play in police professionalism: August Vollmer, O.W. Wilson, and William Parker?
• What are the pros and cons to the second reform movement?
• What tarnished the image of the police during the 1960’s?
• What were the findings of the Kerner Commission?
• What were the two unintended consequences of the professional movement?

Chapter 4:  Law Enforcement Training:  Changes and Challenges

• Explain the 3 training challenges to law enforcement.
• Explain the 4 elements to successful training under the "new academy training approach."
• Explain the new challenges in training (under "Training Challenges Revisted.")
• What is meant by "authority-relations?"  Provide an example.
• What are the 3 "salient" themes to COPS?  Provide an example of each.

Chapter 5:  Police Discretionary Behavior:  A Study of Style

• What are the problems of full enforcement?
• What are the pros and cons to police discretion?
• Distinguish between individual and administrative discretion.
• What are the organizational, neighborhood and situational variables associated with discretion? Highlight the relationships between the variables discussed. (ex. Race and discretion)
• What other variables may contribute to police discretion?

Chapter 7:  Police Response to Persons with Mental Illness

• Highlight the 4 police interventions with citizens and the mentally ill.
• What 3 choices do police have in dealing with the mentally ill?
• What are the 3 models that can be used for police training in response to the mentally ill?
• What are the 7 policy implications? 
• What are the do's and don'ts when confronting the mentally ill?

Chapter 8:  How Police Supervisory Styles Influence Patrol Officer Behavior

• Explain the 4 supervisory styles identified by the NIJ's research.
• How do those styles influence patrol officer behavior?
• What are the implications for departmental policy and practice?

Chapter 9:  Traditional and Innovative Police Responses to Domestic Violence

• Why do police officers dislike domestic disputes/
• Why don’t police like to make arrests for domestic disputes?
• What factors influence an officer’s decision to arrest in domestic disputes?
• What is the Minneapolis study? What have replication studies revealed?
• Profile the batterer of domestic disputes.
• What are the unanticipated consequences against victims? Agencies? Discuss each.

Chapter 10:  Information Technology Innovations in Policing

• What is the 311 system?
• Explain the CAD system.
• What are the 3 primary functions of crime analysis?
• Explain how crime mapping works.
• How are computers used in the field?
• How has information technology influenced management/accountability and personnel/resource allocation?
• What challenges lie ahead for law enforcement in reference to technology?

Chapter 11:  Introduction to Early Intervention Systems

• What is meant by the early intervention system?
• How does EI work?
• How does early intervention differ from early warning systems?
• What are the goals and impacts of EI systems in regards to the individual officer, supervisors and the department?
• Explain the SARA process.
• What are the advantages of the EI system?  Provide examples.

Chapter 12:  Compstat:  An Analysis of the Emerging Police Managerial Paradigm

• What is Compstat?
• What is the paradigm shift as explained by the author?
• Briefly explain how decentralization affects community oriented policing.
• What are the 4 levels of compstat as used by the NYPD?
• Explain the 4 principles of compstat as noted by Bratton and Knobler?
• What are the 5 basic tasks of strategic management?
• What are the many implications of compstat for policing?

Chapter 13:  Geographic Information Systems:  Applications for Police

• What is GIS?
• What are the 2 benefits of GIS?
• What are the steps in data collecting?
• What is GPS?
• What is geocoding?
• What are the problem(s) with coding?
• What is layer assembly? Map formatting? Provide examples.
• What are the ethical issues involved?
• What are the pros and cons to "hot spot?"
• What is CGT? What are the 4 steps to the model? Provide an example.

Chapter 15:  Addressing Police Misconduct: The Role of Citizen Complaints

• What are some of the causes of police misconduct?
• Why don’t some people file a complaint?
• What are the positive and negative aspects of filing a police complaint?
• What are the 3 models that include citizens in the complaint process, according to Kerstetter?
• Which do you believe is the best system: Internal Affairs by officers or citizen involvement? Explain your reasoning.

Chapter 16:  Ethics and Law Enforcement

• Distinguish between an ethical and moral dilemma. Provide an example of each.
• What are the major ethical dilemmas in policing? Cite examples.
• Distinguish between ethics and corruption.
• How may police officers resolve ethical dilemmas? Cite the pros and cons to each.
• Outline and apply the 4 ethical systems to policing.
• What 3 questions can be asked to resolve dilemmas in policing?

Chapter 17:  Law Enforcement Agency Responses to Racially Biased Policing and the Perceptions of Its Practice

• What is meant by "racially biased policing?"
• What 3 things should executives think about when dealing with potential problems in dealing with racially biased officers?
• Discuss the 7 variables that law enforcement executives should consider when responding to real or perceived racially biased policing issues? 

Chapter 18: An Afrocentric Perspective on Policing

Do you agree with the author’s perspective? Provide examples to support your argument.

Chapter 19:  Women Officers on the Move

• What benefit did the passage of the 1972 Amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 do for women?
• What type of agencies will most female officers be found?
• From previous studies, what were the evaluations of women police performance?
• What major barriers do female officers encounter?
• What are the pros and cons to female officers’ interaction with males? Females? (i.e. citizens).
• Will an increase in the number of female officers assist or reduce their "token status?"
• Do Black female officers experience additional stressors? Explain.
• Which style of management is most effective for female supervisors?
• Outline the Pregnancy Disability Act of 1978.

Chapter 20:  Broken Windows

• What are the advantages of foot patrol?
• Describe the "Broken Window Theory." How does this relate to social problems?
• According to the authors, where can destruction of property occur? Why?
• Who are the most and least likely victims of crime? Why?
• What are the cons to auto patrol?
• What do the authors think of "decriminalization?" Why?
• Traditionally, what are the 2 types of community involvement in order maintenance?
• According to psychological studies, why don’t people "get involved?"
• How should agencies allocate officers?
• According to the authors, whom should the police protect? Why?

Chapter 22:  Community Policing: Elements and Effects

• Explain the 4 complicating factors of community policing.
• Highlight and give examples of the 4 major dimensions of community policing.
• Give examples of the 3 strategic dimensions of community policing.
• What are the most important tactical elements of community policing? Cite examples.
• What are the 5 important features of problem solving?
• What are the types of restructuring associated with community policing?
• What should management emphasize concerning culture and values? Give examples.
• What are the implications for "Information?" Cite examples.
• What are the major findings concerning crime, fear, disorder, calls for service, community relations, officer attitudes, and officer behavior?

Chapter 23:  Problem-Oriented Policing

• What is problem-oriented policing?
• What are the 2 assumptions of POP?
• What is SARA?
• Describe the Newport News POP program.
• What 7 characteristics should a fully POP agency possess?
• How does POP differ from zero-tolerance?

Chapter 26:  Police Use of Deadly Force: How Courts and Policy Makers Have Misapplied Tennessee v. Garner

• What was the ruling in Tennessee v. Garner?
• What was the importance of Justice White's opinion?
• What are the deadly force policies?
• What was the significance of Daniels v. Terrell?
• What was the significance of Ryder v. City of Topeka?
• What was the significance of Graham v. Connner?
• What are the advantages to a restrictive deadly force policy?
• What is the CALEA requirement? 
• What is the 2 part reasonableness standard?

Chapter 29:  Toward an Understanding of the Physical Hazards of Police Work

• Why are dangers in policing difficult to compare?
• What conclusion can you draw from the relative dangers of police work?
• What were the objectives of the author's study?
• What were the variables used in the study?
• Based on the study, what conclusions were drawn?