Strings

Goals

Describe implementation and memory allocation of Ada strings

Describe difference between use and implementation of java and Ada strings

Be able to use Ada strings, their attributes, and associated i/o routines

Describe the differences in implementation and use of Ada's three types of strings: fixed length, bounded length, unbounded.

Describe the tradeoffs involved in using each of Ada's types of strings and how they relate to java's strings

Describe how C strings are implemented

Differences Between Strings in Ada and Java

So far, java and ada strings look similar:

      // Java:
      System.out.println("Value of x is " + x.toString());

      -- Ada:
      put("Value of x is " & Integer'Image(x));

Three differences between Ada and Java Strings: Ada strings are

not references
fixed length
arrays of characters

In other words,

Java strings are immutable objects that are accessed with reference semantics

Characters in the string cannot change, but the reference can be changed to point to another string

Ada strings are arrays of characters that are accessed using value semantics

Values in the array can change, but the array size cannot

Implementation and Memory Allocation of Java Strings

Reference type variable points to an object that contains a reference to a string:

        String s;
        s = "Hi Mom!";

        for (int i=6; i>=0; i--) 
            System.out.println(s.charAt(i));

Memory diagram is frequently simplified
Individual characters can't be accessed directly

Implementation and Memory Allocation of Ada Strings

A string is an array of characters

        s: String(1 .. 7);
        ...
        s := "Hi Mom!";

        for i in reverse 1 .. 7 loop
            put( s(i) );
        end loop;

        s(4) := 'T';
        put(s);

Reference Semantics vs Value Semantics

Java Strings have Reference Semantics

String variables are references to strings

        String s, t;
        s = "Hi Mom!";

        t = s;

Ada Strings have Value Semantics

String variables are values

        s, t: String(1 .. 7);
        ...
        s := "Hi Mom!";

        t := s;

Mutability of Strings

Java Strings can't change the characters

But string variables can point to different strings

        String s;
        s = "Hi Mom!";

        s = "Hi Tom!";

Ada Strings have Value Semantics

String variables are values

        s: String(1 .. 7);
        ...
        s := "Hi Mom!";

        s := "Hi Tom!";

Ada String Declarations

A String is declared implicitly or explicitly:

Implicitly when it is initialized, or
Explicitly with or without initialization


     s2: String := "Hi";             -- Implicit length 2.  Initialized.

     s3: String(1 .. 5);             -- Explicit length 5.  Uninitialized.

     s4: String(1 .. 5) := "Hello:;  -- Explicit length 5.  Initialized.

Contrast with a Java unitialized String

The declaration determines the length of the string

Ada Strings are Fixed Length

An array's length never changes:

As a result, the length of a string never changes

A String variable can only be assigned strings that match its length

Array assignment requires arrays of same length on both sides
Examples:

            s: String := "Hi Mom!";
            u: String(1 .. 10);
            ...
            -- s := u;   -- Compile error
            -- u := s;   -- Compile error

            s := "Hi Bob!";   -- Okay

            -- s := "Hi Billy-Bob!";   -- Compile error
            -- s := s & "!";           -- Compile error

            u = s & "!!!";  -- Okay

Equality Test

Strings of different lengths can be compared

Example:

    r: String(1..5);
    s, t: String(1..7);

    r := "Hi Mo";
    s := "Hi Mom!";
    t := "Hi Tom!";

    if s = t then -- works
    ...

    if r = s then  -- also works
    ...

When comparing strings:

If lengths are equal, each pair of characters is compared

Slices can be compared

    if s(5..7) = t(5..7) then

Any arrays of the same type can be compared

Attributes

'length
'first
'last
'range

Examples:

            for i in 1 .. s'length loop

            for i in s'first .. s'last loop

            for i in s'range loop

String Slices

A String can be sliced to create a new string

        with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO;

        procedure doStrings3 is
           s: String := "abcdefghi";   -- A String of length 9
           t: String(1 .. 5);

        begin
           put_line(  s           );   -- "abcdefghi"
           put_line(  s(1 .. 4)   );   -- "abcd"
           put_line(  s(4 .. 6)   );   -- "def"
           put_line(  s(5 .. 5)   );   -- "e"     
           put_line(  s(6 .. 9)   );   -- "fghi"

           put_line(  s(s'first)  );   -- "a"
           put_line(  s(s'last)   );   -- "i"

           put_line(  s(s'range)  );   -- "abcdefghi"

           put_line(  s(s'length) );   -- "i"  This works since s'first is 1

           t := s(2 .. 6);             -- String t is of length 5
           put_line(t);                -- "bcdef"

           s := "Hi Momma!";
           put_line(s(4..8) & s(3) & s(1..2) & s(9));

           s(4..8) := "Larry";         -- Slice on LHS
           put_line(s);                -- "Hi Larry!"

        end doStrings3;

Slices allow a part of an array to be treated as a whole

A slice of a string is itself a string

Characters and Strings

Like Java, characters and strings are separate types:
- Use single quotes (') for Characters
- Use double quotes (") for Strings
- & is overloaded. Character & Character yields a String, etc.
Some things to be aware of:

In Ada.Text_IO, procedure put is defined for both Character and String, but put_line is defined only for String

A String of length 1 is NOT the same as a Character

         u: String(1 .. 1) := "B";
         u := 'C'; -- Compile error

Empty strings are possible

         u: String(1 .. 0) := "";     -- Empty range - length 0 string

A string is actually an array of character

Gaining More Flexibility with Strings

Strings lack flexibility - here are some ways to compensate

Procedures can have parameters that are strings of unconstrained length (ie can be of any length) -

eg put("Hi"); - the actual parameter for put can be a String of any length

In some circumstances you can use a declare block to declare a string after the length is known

Allocate a long string, fill up part of it, and keep track of how many valid characters it contains (this is how input routine get_line works)

Use Bounded or Unbounded strings:
1. Bounded length - the current size and the string are combined in one type. The size of a string can change, but it must always be less than some predefined maximum - we mostlyignore these.
2. Unbounded - size can change as needed - see below
Tradeoff: convenience, space, runtime efficiency

Fixed length are time and space efficient, but inconvenient
Unbounded length are time and space inefficient, but convenient

Options: 2 kinds of Get_Line, 3 kinds of strings

Ada has two versions of get_line: a procedure and a function

In this course, we ignore the procedure version

Ada has three kinds of strings:

Fixed
Bounded
Unbounded

Get_Line Function

Problem: How to input string of unknown length if must declare length first
Solutions (more details below):

use get_line(s, l); [careful if input line exceeds length of s]
use get_line function and a declare block

                declare
                    s: string := get_line;  -- reads entire line
                begin
                    put(s'length);  -- Number of characters read

Use an unbounded string (must use required library:

                declare
                    s: unbounded_string := get_line;  -- reads entire line
                begin
                    put(length(s));  -- Number of characters read

Use a bounded string ...

Another Use of the Get_Line Function

What does this code do?

           while not end_of_file loop
               put_line ( get_line ));
           end loop;

Get_Line Procedure

Another Solution: Use get_Line(S, L)

S receives the input string
L receives the number of characters that were input

Example (getline.adb and prettified):

            v: String(1 .. 80);
            len: Integer;
        begin
            get_Line(v, len);

            put(len);             -- Number of characters read

            put(v(1 .. len));     -- Output a slice

            put(v);               -- Don't do this

            put(v(1 .. v'length));    -- Don't do this, either

Caution: if the input line is as long or longer than the length of the string variable (80 or more characters), then things are somewhat different

Unbounded Strings

Unbounded Strings:
- Are dynamically sized, like Java
- Are not arrays of characters
- Require package Ada.Strings.Unbounded
- Require package Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Text_IO for IO
documentation.

Unbounded Strings: Example

Example showing dynamic length of an unbounded string:

            with Ada.Strings.Unbounded; use Ada.Strings.Unbounded;
            with Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Text_IO; use Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Text_IO;
            procedure showUnbounded is
               s: Unbounded_String := To_Unbounded_String("first");
            begin
               s := To_Unbounded_String("different");
               s := s & "!!";
               put_line(s);     -- different!!

               s := get_line;   -- Read entire line into s
               put_line(s);     -- Prints line from input
               ...

Unbounded Strings: Memory Management

Allocated on heap, like Java Strings

An unbounded string variable is a reference,

But assignment copies the string, not the reference

Example:

            with Ada.Strings.Unbounded; use Ada.Strings.Unbounded;
            with Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Text_IO; use Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Text_IO;
            ...
            s: Unbounded_String := To_Unbounded_String("first");
            t: Unbounded_String := s;
            ...
            s := s & "!!";
            put_line(s);       -- first!! 
            put_line(t)        -- first;

Automatic deallocation, like Java Strings

Unbounded Strings: Conversions and More Examples

Programmer typically converts between Strings and Unbounded_String and back, as needed

More example programs:

unbounded.adb ( prettified )

getunbounded.adb ( prettified )

Unconstrained Arrays and Strings

Unconstrained arrays are declared with unspecified length

Strings are declared as unconstrained arrays in package Standard, which is automatically available

type string is array (Positive range <> of Character

Unconstrained arrays can only be used in certain locations, such as procedure parameters

eg put("Hi"); - the actual parameter for put can be a String of any length

procedure put(Item: String)...

The actual bounds of a string/unconstrained array must be specified before a variable of that type is declared

Bounded Strings

Bounded length - the current size and the string are combined in one type. The size of a string can change, but it must always be less than some predefined maximum

Essentially, allocate a long string, fill up part of it, and keep track of how many valid characters it contains

Similar to how we use getline(len, s), but the string and length are combined in a single type

documentation.

We mostly ignore bounded length strings.

Tradeoffs with Strings

Tradeoff: convenience, space, runtime efficiency

Fixed length are time and space efficient, but inconvenient

Unbounded length are time and space inefficient, but convenient

Unconstrained are somewhat efficient and somewhat convenient

Strings in C

Characteristics of Strings in C:

Strings are arrays of characters
Strings are 0 terminated
Flexible: varying length string within maximum length easily implemented

Problems

Array bounds are not checked
Easy to write outside of allocated space (eg strcpy)

Example: char s[] = "ABC";

This allocates 4 bytes

Note: local variables are allocated on the stack

As the stack grows, addresses get smaller

Simple Example: simplestrings.c (prettified)
Example showing how to display characters in decimal and hex: decimalstrings.c (prettified)
Example showing possible errors with strings (and arrays): errorstrings.c (prettified)
Example showing possible errors with string copy (ie strcpy): copystrings.c (prettified)