Why do people who want to understand crime need to discuss "laws?" Differentiate among folkways, mores, customary laws, and enacted laws. Construct an argument that shows that laws are not value-neutral. How is time and place related to crime? Is murder intrinsically "evil?" What is the are the differences between felonies and misdemeanors? Does criminal law reflect distinctions in power? What are the differences among career criminals, opportunists, and situational criminals? Why are theories of crime the essence of criminology? What is necessary to prove causation? Give an example of a tautology. Thoroughly know the different stages involved in the scientific method. How does the nature-nurture argument relate to crime? All crime theories have an implicit view of society. Describe the three models of society that underlie major theories of crime. Which view of human nature would support the assertion that criminals are inherently different from "us?" What are some of the pro blems associated with turning theories of crime into relevant policies? Thoroughly know the differences among spiritual, classical, and positivist explanations of crime. What is natural law and rights and how do they relate to the Constitution of the US? Which theory created the philosophy that like crime should get like punishments and that all men should be treated equally? What does rationality have to do with the causes of crime? What are the two components of deterrence? Analyze the argument that fre e will is the cause of crime? What did neoclassicalism introduce into the legal system? What are the differences between perceptual deterrence and cost-benefit analyses of deterrence? What is positivism and what does it heavily rely on? How does contempor ary positivism reaffirm the existing status quo?

Chapter 2

What are the differences between naturalistic and spiritualistic explanations for why people engage in crime? What do physiognomists and phrenologists seek as an explanation of crime? What is Social Darwinism and how did it an d how does it impact people's attitudes toward people who are not like "us?" Did Goring's results support Lombroso's natural born killer argument? Analyze Hooten's analysis. Did the Gluecks find evidence that delinquents have a different body type than no n-delinquents? Why did Sutherland abhor biological explanations of crime? What do Wilson and Herrnstein argue about the relationship between low IQ scores and criminality? Analyze the argument that low IQ is a cause of crime. Is there a relationship betwe en race and IQ and does this supposed relationship explain why Afro-Americans are disproportionately arrested for violent index crimes? What are the problems associated with using the concept of race? What does the research on twins and adopted children s how in relation to the argument that criminal tendencies may be inherited? Are people with the XYY chromosome more likely to be criminal? Could people be prone to heroin addiction and does the research suggest that there might be a genetic component to al coholism? What arguments are used to support the theory that low MAO may lead to higher rates of crime? Does the research support the conclusions that PMS or elevated levels of testosterone may be related to criminality?