LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic= Integration in maple J. Gerlach Last Revision: February 1, 2011 LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Antiderivatives</Text-field> The command to find antiderivatives is int . You need to communicate the function (the integrand) and the variable of integration. Here is an example: In order to find the antiderivative of 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 just enter 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LCQqJiwmIiIiRiVJInhHNiJGJUYlLUkkZXhwRzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliR0YnNiMsJEYmISIiRiVGLw== LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic= The syntax of the command is int( function, variable). The same result can be achieved with the inert version of the integration command (two steps, Int followed by value(%)) 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LUkkSW50RzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliRzYiNiQqJkkieEdGJyIiIi1JJGV4cEdGJDYjLCRGKiEiIkYrRio= LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEmdmFsdWVGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2JS1GLDYlUSIlRidGL0YyLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnRkAtSSNtb0dGJDYtUSI7RidGQC8lJmZlbmNlR0Y/LyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0YxLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRj8vJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRj8vJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y/LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGPy8lJ2FjY2VudEdGPy8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnRj1GQA== LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LCQqJiwmIiIiRiVJInhHNiJGJUYlLUkkZXhwRzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliR0YnNiMsJEYmISIiRiVGLw== or with right-clicking on the function 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder KiZJInhHNiIiIiItSSRleHBHNiQlKnByb3RlY3RlZEdJKF9zeXNsaWJHRiQ2IywkRiMhIiJGJQ== LUkmbW92ZXJHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JS1JI21vR0YkNi5RJyZyYXJyO0YnLyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1EoMkR+TWF0aEYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNy8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y3LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGNy8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjcvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjcvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZHLUkmbXRleHRHRiQ2JVEzaW50ZWdyYXRlfncuci50Ln54RidGL0YyRkM= 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 LCQqJiwmIiIiRiVJInhHNiJGJUYlLUkkZXhwRzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliR0YnNiMsJEYmISIiRiVGLw== or by using the icon on the left 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LCQqJiwmIiIiRiVJInhHNiJGJUYlLUkkZXhwRzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliR0YnNiMsJEYmISIiRiVGLw== Maple doesn't know every integral; when it gets too hard, maple will just repeat the question: 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LUkkSW50RzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliRzYiNiQqJi1JJGV4cEdGJDYjLCRJInhHRichIiIiIiItSSRzaW5HRiQ2IyokKSwmRjBGMCokKUYuIiIjRjBGMCNGMEY5RjBGMEYu LUkkaW50RzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliRzYiNiQqJi1JJGV4cEdGJDYjLCRJInhHRichIiIiIiItSSRzaW5HRiQ2IyokKSwmRjBGMCokKUYuIiIjRjBGMCNGMEY5RjBGMEYu LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Constant of Integration</Text-field> Maple omits the constant of integration C. This can sometimes lead to seemingly contradictory results. Let's say that we want to integrate the function LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYrLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiZkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYkLUYsNiVRInhGJ0YvRjIvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnRj0tSSNtb0dGJDYtUSJ+RidGPS8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGRS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZFLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZFLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGRS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkUvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkUvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZULUZANi1RIj1GJ0Y9RkNGRkZIRkpGTEZORlAvRlNRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvRlZGZW5GPy1JJW1zdXBHRiQ2JS1GNjYkLUYjNiZGOi1GQDYtUSgmbWludXM7RidGPUZDRkZGSEZKRkxGTkZQL0ZTUSwwLjIyMjIyMjJlbUYnL0ZWRmJvLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnRj1GPUY9LUYjNiUtRmVvNiRRIjJGJ0Y9Ri9GMi8lMXN1cGVyc2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRictRkA2LVEiLkYnRj1GQ0ZGRkhGSkZMRk5GUEZSRlVGP0Y9Direct calculation yields 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder KiQpLCYiIiIhIiJJInhHNiJGJSIiI0Yl 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LUkkSW50RzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliRzYiNiQqJCksJiIiIiEiIkkieEdGJ0YsIiIjRixGLg== 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LCQqJiMiIiIiIiRGJSksJkYlISIiSSJ4RzYiRiVGJkYlRiU= On the other hand, we could also expand the function before we integrate. This leads to the following: LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEnZXhwYW5kRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNiUtRiw2JVEieUYnRi9GMi8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHUSZmYWxzZUYnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJ0ZALUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiO0YnRkAvJSZmZW5jZUdGPy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGMS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y/LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y/LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPy8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj8vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj8vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJ0Y9RkA= LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LCgiIiJGIyomIiIjRiNJInhHNiJGIyEiIiokKUYmRiVGI0Yj 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LUkkSW50RzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliRzYiNiQsKCIiIkYqKiYiIiNGKkkieEdGJ0YqISIiKiQpRi1GLEYqRipGLQ== 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LChJInhHNiIiIiIqJClGIyIiI0YlISIiKiYjRiUiIiRGJSlGI0YsRiVGJQ== Thus we have found the two anti-derivatives Y and Z. They are not identical since 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LCoqJiMiIiIiIiRGJSksJkYlISIiSSJ4RzYiRiVGJkYlRiVGKkYpKiQpRioiIiNGJUYlKiZGJEYlKUYqRiZGJUYp LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEpc2ltcGxpZnlGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2JS1GLDYlUSIlRidGL0YyLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnRkAtSSNtb0dGJDYtUSI7RidGQC8lJmZlbmNlR0Y/LyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0YxLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRj8vJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRj8vJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y/LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGPy8lJ2FjY2VudEdGPy8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnRj1GQA== LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder IyEiIiIiJA== But this is not a contradiction, since we know that all antiderivatives of the same function differ by a constant.
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Variable of Integration</Text-field> Suppose we want to integrate y = LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYlLUYvNiVRInRGJ0YyRjVGMkY1LyUxc3VwZXJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIn5GJy9GNlEnbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRkgvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGSC8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGSC8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRkgvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZILyUnYWNjZW50R0ZILyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGV0ZE. First we define the expression LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYpLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIn5GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1GNjYtUSomY29sb25lcTtGJ0Y5RjtGPkZARkJGREZGRkgvRktRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvRk5GU0Y1LUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUYsNiVRInhGJ0YvRjItRiM2Jy1GLDYlUSJ0RidGL0YyRi8vJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y9LyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1EoMkR+TWF0aEYnRjIvJTFzdXBlcnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R1EiMEYnRmpuRjk= LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder KUkieEc2IkkidEdGJA== If we consider x to be the variable of integration, we find LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic= 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder KiYpSSJ4RzYiLCZJInRHRiUiIiJGKEYoRihGJiEiIg== while with t as variable we obtain LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYpLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVErJkludGVncmFsO0YnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNC8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y0LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGOS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjQvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjQvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZELUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR0Y5L0YwUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GLDYtUSJ+RidGL0YyRjUvRjhGNEY6L0Y9RjRGPkZARkJGRS1GLDYtUTAmRGlmZmVyZW50aWFsRDtGJ0YvL0YzUSZ1bnNldEYnL0Y2RlgvRjhGWC9GO0ZYL0Y9RlgvRj9GWC9GQUZYRkJGRS1GSDYlUSJ0RidGS0ZNLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGNEYv LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder KiYtSSNsbkc2JCUqcHJvdGVjdGVkR0koX3N5c2xpYkc2IjYjSSJ4R0YoISIiKUYqSSJ0R0YoIiIi The answers are completely different, which means that we need to pay attention to the second argument of the integration command (do we mean dx or dt?). If the variable of integration is neither x nor t, say it is z, then we get 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder KiYpSSJ4RzYiSSJ0R0YlIiIiSSJ6R0YlRic=
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Definite Integrals</Text-field> Definite integrals are evaluated just as easily; just add the range of the variable (lower and upper limit) to the int command. For example, let's say we want to integrate 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 on the interval [0,4]. We enter 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LCYiIiJGIyomIiImRiMtSSRleHBHNiQlKnByb3RlY3RlZEdJKF9zeXNsaWJHNiI2IyEiJUYjISIi LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic= Maple returns the result, but it doesn't display the integral very well. It may be more advantageous to use a two step method (Int followed by value) instead 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LUkkSW50RzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliRzYiNiQqJkkieEdGJyIiIi1JJGV4cEdGJDYjLCRGKiEiIkYrL0YqOyIiISIiJQ== LCYiIiJGIyomIiImRiMtSSRleHBHNiQlKnByb3RlY3RlZEdJKF9zeXNsaWJHNiI2IyEiJUYjISIi Clickable math can be used as well 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder KiZJInhHNiIiIiItSSRleHBHNiQlKnByb3RlY3RlZEdJKF9zeXNsaWJHRiQ2IywkRiMhIiJGJQ== LUkmbW92ZXJHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JS1JI21vR0YkNi5RJyZyYXJyO0YnLyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1EoMkR+TWF0aEYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNy8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y3LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGNy8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjcvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjcvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZHLUkmbXRleHRHRiQ2JVEzaW50ZWdyYXRlfncuci50Ln54RidGL0YyRkM= LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzY0LUkjbWlHRiQ2KVEkSW50RicvJSdmYW1pbHlHUTBUaW1lc35OZXd+Um9tYW5GJy8lJWJvbGRHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUrZm9yZWdyb3VuZEdRKFswLDAsMF1GJy8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRjQvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2MVEiKEYnRi9GMkY4RjsvRj5RJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHRjcvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjQvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGNy8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGNC8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRjQvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y0LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y0LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4xNjY2NjY3ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGVi1GQTYxUSJ+RidGL0YyRjhGO0ZEL0ZHRjRGSC9GS0Y0RkxGTkZQRlIvRlVRJjAuMGVtRicvRlhGaW4tSShtYWN0aW9uR0YkNiUtSSptdmVyYmF0aW1HRiQ2I1FYKiZJInhHNiIiIiItSSRleHBHNiQlKnByb3RlY3RlZEdJKF9zeXNsaWJHRiQ2IywkRiMhIiJGJUYnLyUrYWN0aW9udHlwZUdROW1hcGxlc29mdC5jb206bGFiZWwoTDg5KUYnLyUldmlld0dRJmxhYmVsRictRkE2MVEiLEYnRi9GMkY4RjtGREZmbi9GSUY3RmduRkxGTkZQRlJGaG4vRlhRLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRidGWS1GLDYpUSJ4RidGL0YyRjVGOEY7Rj0tRkE2MVEiPUYnRi9GMkY4RjtGREZmbkZIRmduRkxGTkZQRlIvRlVRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvRlhGZXAtSSNtbkdGJDYoUSIwRidGL0YyRjhGO0ZELUZBNjFRIy4uRidGL0YyRjhGO0ZERmZuRkhGZ25GTEZORlBGUi9GVVEsMC4yMjIyMjIyZW1GJ0Zqbi1GaHA2KFEiNEYnRi9GMkY4RjtGREZZLUZBNjFRIilGJ0YvRjJGOEY7RkRGRkZIRkpGTEZORlBGUkZURldGL0YyRjhGO0ZE LUkkSW50RzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliRzYiNiQqJkkieEdGJyIiIi1JJGV4cEdGJDYjLCRGKiEiIkYrL0YqOyIiISIiJQ== LUkjbW9HNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2LlEiPUYnLyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1EoMkR+TWF0aEYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNC8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y0LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y0LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGNC8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjQvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjQvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZD 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 LCYiIiJGIyomIiImRiMtSSRleHBHNiQlKnByb3RlY3RlZEdJKF9zeXNsaWJHNiI2IyEiJUYjISIi Here I used the "Definite Integral" option under "Constructions", and then the "Evaluate (from inert)" command. Using the icon on the left we get 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LCYiIiJGIyomIiImRiMtSSRleHBHNiQlKnByb3RlY3RlZEdJKF9zeXNsaWJHNiI2IyEiJUYjISIi If you are interested in numerical results, you may use either the evalf command, or the "Approximate" option when you right-click. Example: 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LUkkSW50RzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliRzYiNiQqJkkieEdGJyIiIi1JJGV4cEdGJDYjLCRGKiEiIkYrL0YqOyIiISIiJQ== JCIrYyE9VTMqISM1 or 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LCYiIiJGIyomIiImRiMtSSRleHBHNiQlKnByb3RlY3RlZEdJKF9zeXNsaWJHNiI2IyEiJUYjISIi LUkmbW92ZXJHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JS1JI21vR0YkNi5RJyZyYXJyO0YnLyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1EoMkR+TWF0aEYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNy8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y3LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGNy8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjcvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjcvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZHLUkmbXRleHRHRiQ2JVEtYXR+MTB+ZGlnaXRzRidGL0YyRkM= 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 JCIrYyE9VTMqISM1 When maple can't find an explicit result for a definite integral (because the antiderivative may be hard to find), numerical evaluation is a good option. Example: 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LUkkSW50RzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliRzYiNiQqJi1JJGV4cEdGJDYjLCRJInhHRichIiIiIiItSSRzaW5HRiQ2IyokKSwmRjBGMCokKUYuIiIjRjBGMCNGMEY5RjBGMC9GLjsiIiEiIiQ= LUkkaW50RzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliRzYiNiQqJi1JJGV4cEdGJDYjLCRJInhHRichIiIiIiItSSRzaW5HRiQ2IyokKSwmRjBGMCokKUYuIiIjRjBGMCNGMEY5RjBGMC9GLjsiIiEiIiQ= Maple doesn't know how to proceed. Alternative: LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYqLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEkSW50RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNi8tRiw2JVEkZXhwRicvRjBRJmZhbHNlRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLUY2NiQtRiM2Ji1JI21vR0YkNi1RKiZ1bWludXMwO0YnRj8vJSZmZW5jZUdGPi8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGPi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y+LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y+LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj4vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj4vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjIyMjIyMjJlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZZLUYsNiVRInhGJ0YvRjIvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y+Rj9GPy1GRjYtUSIqRidGP0ZJRktGTUZPRlFGU0ZVL0ZYUSwwLjE2NjY2NjdlbUYnL0ZlbkZfby1GLDYlUSRzaW5GJ0Y9Rj8tRjY2JC1GIzYmLUYsNiVRJXNxcnRGJ0Y9Rj8tRjY2JC1GIzYpLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnRj8tRkY2LVEiK0YnRj9GSUZLRk1GT0ZRRlNGVUZXRlpGZm4tRkY2LVEiXkYnRj9GSUZLRk1GT0ZRRlNGVS9GWFEsMC4xMTExMTExZW1GJy9GZW5GanAtRmBwNiRRIjJGJ0Y/RmluRj9GP0ZpbkY/Rj8tRkY2LVEiLEYnRj9GSS9GTEYxRk1GT0ZRRlNGVS9GWFEmMC4wZW1GJy9GZW5RLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRidGZm4tRkY2LVEiPUYnRj9GSUZLRk1GT0ZRRlNGVS9GWFEsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy9GZW5GW3ItRmBwNiRRIjBGJ0Y/LUZGNi1RIy4uRidGP0ZJRktGTUZPRlFGU0ZVRlcvRmVuRmRxLUZgcDYkUSIzRidGP0ZpbkY/Rj8tRkY2LVEiO0YnRj9GSUZicUZNRk9GUUZTRlVGY3FGXHItRkY2LVEifkYnRj9GSUZLRk1GT0ZRRlNGVUZjcUZjci1JJ21zcGFjZUdGJDYmLyUnaGVpZ2h0R1EmMC4wZXhGJy8lJndpZHRoR0ZkcS8lJmRlcHRoR0Zicy8lKmxpbmVicmVha0dRJWF1dG9GJy1GLDYjUSFGJ0ZpbkY/ LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LUkkSW50RzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliRzYiNiQqJi1JJGV4cEdGJDYjLCRJInhHRichIiIiIiItSSRzaW5HRiQ2IyokKSwmRjBGMCokKUYuIiIjRjBGMCNGMEY5RjBGMC9GLjsiIiEiIiQ= LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEmZXZhbGZGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2JS1GLDYlUSIlRidGL0YyLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnRkAtSSNtb0dGJDYtUSI7RidGQC8lJmZlbmNlR0Y/LyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0YxLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRj8vJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRj8vJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y/LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGPy8lJ2FjY2VudEdGPy8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnRj1GQA== LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder JCIrZjoleUYpISM1
<Text-field style="Heading 2" layout="Heading 2">Variable Limits of Integration</Text-field> The upper and lower limits in an integral may be variable themselves. Maple can handle this. Example: We define a new function F(x) as 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder Zio2I0kieEc2IkYlNiRJKW9wZXJhdG9yR0YlSSZhcnJvd0dGJUYlLUkkaW50RzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliR0YlNiQtSSRzaW5HRis2IywkKigjIiIiIiIjRjVJI1BpR0YsRjUpSSJ0R0YlRjZGNUY1L0Y5OyIiIUYkRiVGJUYl In the literature this function is known as the Fresnel Sine function. Maple recognizes this: LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiRkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYlLUYsNiVRInhGJ0YvRjIvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRidGQC1JI21vR0YkNi1RIjtGJ0ZALyUmZmVuY2VHRj8vJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjEvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPy8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPy8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj8vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y/LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y/LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRidGPUZA LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LUkpRnJlc25lbFNHNiQlKnByb3RlY3RlZEdJKF9zeXNsaWJHNiI2I0kieEdGJw== The derivative of F is 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LUkkc2luRzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliRzYiNiMsJCooIyIiIiIiI0YsSSNQaUdGJUYsKUkieEdGJ0YtRixGLA== as expected from the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Here is another illustration. We can construct an antiderivative of any function f(x) by defining it as 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 Then F'(x) =f(x), as long as f is continuous. Example with 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 and a=1 (a = 0 may be a better choice) LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYyLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiRkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIn5GJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1GNjYtUSomY29sb25lcTtGJ0Y5RjtGPkZARkJGREZGRkgvRktRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvRk5GU0Y1LUYsNiVRInhGJ0YvRjJGNS1GNjYtUSgmc3JhcnI7RidGOUY7Rj5GQEZCRkRGRkZIRkpGTUY1LUkobXN1YnN1cEdGJDYnLUY2Ni1RKyZJbnRlZ3JhbDtGJ0Y5L0Y8USZ1bnNldEYnL0Y/RlxvL0ZBRjEvRkNGXG8vRkVGMS9GR0Zcby9GSUZcb0ZKRk0tRiM2KC1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjFGJ0Y5Ri8vJStmb3JlZ3JvdW5kR1EsWzIwMCwwLDIwMF1GJy8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRj0vJSxwbGFjZWhvbGRlckdGMUYyLUYjNihGVUYvRmlvRlxwRl5wRjIvJTFzdXBlcnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R1EiMEYnLyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHRmRwLUkmbXNxcnRHRiQ2Iy1GIzYlLUYsNiVRInRGJ0YvRjJGXHBGOS1GLDYjUSFGJy1JJ21zcGFjZUdGJDYmLyUnaGVpZ2h0R1EmMC4wZXhGJy8lJndpZHRoR1EmMC41ZW1GJy8lJmRlcHRoR0ZncS8lKmxpbmVicmVha0dRJWF1dG9GJy1GNjYtUTAmRGlmZmVyZW50aWFsRDtGJ0Y5RltvRl1vL0ZBRlxvRl9vL0ZFRlxvRmFvRmJvRkpGTUZccUZccEY5 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder Zio2I0kieEc2IkYlNiRJKW9wZXJhdG9yR0YlSSZhcnJvd0dGJUYlLUkkaW50RzYkJSpwcm90ZWN0ZWRHSShfc3lzbGliR0YlNiQtSSVzcXJ0R0YrNiNJInRHRiUvRjI7IiIiRiRGJUYlRiU= Check the derivative of F: 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder KiQpSSJ4RzYiIyIiIiIiI0Yn The explicit formula for F is LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiRkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYlLUYsNiVRInhGJ0YvRjIvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRidGQC1JI21vR0YkNi1RIjtGJ0ZALyUmZmVuY2VHRj8vJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjEvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPy8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPy8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj8vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y/LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y/LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRidGPUZA LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LCYjIiIjIiIkISIiKiZGIyIiIilJInhHNiIjRiVGJEYoRig= with derivative 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder KiQpSSJ4RzYiIyIiIiIiI0Yn
<Text-field style="Heading 1" layout="Heading 1">Numerical Integration</Text-field> Numerical integration is the approximate calculation of the value of a definite integral. This is useful when the integrand is a complicated function without a simple anti-derivative. Evaluations of the function at the left or right endpoint, or in the middle of a subinterval are special cases of Riemann sums (Section 4.2 and 4.3) and means of numeric approximations of a definite integral. The Trapezoidal Rule and Simpson's Rule (Section 4.6) are other options. All of these are built-in functions of the student package. We illustrate all of these methods for the integral of the function 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 on the interval from 0 to 2 and we compare the numerical approximations to the exact value of the integral. First restart and bring up the student package. 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 JSFH Now define the function once and for all 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder Zio2I0kieEc2IkYlNiRJKW9wZXJhdG9yR0YlSSZhcnJvd0dGJUYlLCoqJClGJCIiJSIiIkYtKiYiIihGLSlGJCIiI0YtISIiKiYiIilGLUYkRi1GLUYtRi1GJUYlRiU= Next find the exact result for the definite integral and name it TrueResult. JSFH 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder IyIjJykiIzo= LUkmbW92ZXJHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JS1JI21vR0YkNi5RJyZyYXJyO0YnLyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1EoMkR+TWF0aEYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNy8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y3LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGNy8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjcvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjcvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZHLUkmbXRleHRHRiQ2JVEtYXR+MTB+ZGlnaXRzRidGL0YyRkM= 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 JCIrTExMTGQhIio= A display of the approximating rectangles can be done with the leftbox, rightbox or middlebox command. For any of these instructions you need to communicate the function, the interval and the number of subintervals. Let's look at right endpoints for 5, 10 and 20 subintervals: 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= %; 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Qk9VTkRTX1dJRFRIRzYjJCIlIT0iISIiLSUuQk9VTkRTX0hFSUdIVEc2IyQiJCEpKSEiIi0lKUNISUxEUkVORzYi 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 It becomes evident that more subintervals will lead to better approximations of the area under the curve. The "box" commands display only, you need the "sum" commands to actually calculate the areas. We illustrate this process for rightsums. 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder LCQqJiMiIiMiIiYiIiItSSRTdW1HSShfc3lzbGliRzYiNiQsKiomIyIjOyIkRCdGJylJImlHRisiIiVGJ0YnKiYjIiNHIiNERicpRjNGJUYnISIiKiYjRjBGJkYnRjNGJ0YnRidGJy9GMztGJ0YmRidGJw== LUkmbW92ZXJHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JS1JI21vR0YkNi5RJyZyYXJyO0YnLyUwZm9udF9zdHlsZV9uYW1lR1EoMkR+TWF0aEYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGNy8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y3LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGNy8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRjcvJSdhY2NlbnRHRjcvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZHLUkmbXRleHRHRiQ2JVEtYXR+MTB+ZGlnaXRzRidGL0YyRkM= 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 JCIrKysnXGUnISIq The rightsum command just shows the sum which needs to be computed, and we have to follow it with an evaluation command.All of this can be done in a single step (and we will use this in the future) : 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder JCIrKysnXGUnISIq For more subintervals we get 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder JCIrKytjWWghIio= 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder JCIrKyttT2YhIio= The commands work just the same for leftsums or middlesums. Now let us discuss the accuracy of approximation schemes, where we compare the approximations to the exact value of the integral. We shall always use 10 subintervals in the comparisons, and the exact value was computed before LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYqLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVErVHJ1ZVJlc3VsdEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIjtGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjEvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRictRjY2LVEifkYnRjlGOy9GP0Y9RkBGQkZERkZGSEZKL0ZORkwtRiw2JVEmZXZhbGZGJ0YvRjItSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2JS1GLDYlUSIlRidGL0YyLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGPUY5RjlGNUZqbkY5 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder IyIjJykiIzo= JCIrTExMTGQhIio= As expected, right or left sums do not fare well: 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder JCIrKytjWWghIio= 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder JCIqbm1BOCUhIio= 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder JCIrKytjWWAhIio= 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder JCEqTEx4J1EhIio= The average of the two estimates should be better, especially since one estimate is too high and the other is too low. LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkmbWZyYWNHRiQ2KC1GIzYrLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEjUkVGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUSIrRicvRjhRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZCLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkIvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkIvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZCLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGQi8lJ2FjY2VudEdGQi8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjIyMjIyMmVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRlEtRjE2JVEjTEVGJ0Y0RjdGNC8lK2ZvcmVncm91bmRHUStbMCwxNjAsODBdRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0ZCLyUscGxhY2Vob2xkZXJHRjYvJTZzZWxlY3Rpb24tcGxhY2Vob2xkZXJHRjZGNy1GIzYoLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMkYnRj5GNC9GWFEsWzIwMCwwLDIwMF1GJ0ZaRmZuRjcvJS5saW5ldGhpY2tuZXNzR1EiMUYnLyUrZGVub21hbGlnbkdRJ2NlbnRlckYnLyUpbnVtYWxpZ25HRmdvLyUpYmV2ZWxsZWRHRkItRjs2LVEiO0YnRj5GQC9GREY2RkVGR0ZJRktGTS9GUFEmMC4wZW1GJy9GU1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJ0ZaRj4= LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder JCIrKytjWWQhIio= 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder JCIpbm1BOCEiKg== This is quite an improvement! The Trapezoidal Rule (details in class) will yield the same result: 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The accuracy of this method is on the same order as the Trapezoidal Rule (roughly speaking, it is usually twice as good). 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder JCIrKytPTGQhIio= 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder JCImbm0jISIq Again, notice a major improvement in accuracy! Simpson's Rule can be calculated directly with the simpson command (we have to use n=20 to get the same result as above). 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 LUkjbWlHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2JVE1b3V0cHV0fnJlZGlyZWN0ZWQuLi5GJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRic= print(); # input placeholder JCIrKioqZkx0JiEiKg== (this is just a slight rounding discrepancy). For technical reason the number of subintervals in Simpson's rule must be even.
LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=