Exam I Study Guide

Psychology Diversity Sec 01: Summer 2004

Exam I Study Guide
Psychology of Diversity: Summer II 2004

The examination will consist of approximately 30-35 multiple choice questions. Also, there will be at least 10 matching items (2 pt each). Finally, there will be 4 to 6 potential essay questions on the exam. You must answer 3 of them (10 pts each). One question is mandatory. For the remaining questions, you will have some choice about what you answer.

You are responsible for all material presented in class and Chapter 1 from Hall and Barongan and Chapters 1, 2, 3, & 4 of Blaine.

The material covered is approximately ½ from lecture and ½ from the book. You may notice that there really is not a whole lot of direct overlap between the two (though much of the logic and basis of the arguments is quite similar). You will need to carefully read each book chapter and familiarize your self with the major concepts (often indicated by italicized words, bulleted/numbered lists, and highlighted text boxes). Use the questions below to help focus your studying. Note that though you could provide single word answers to many of the questions, doing so will not sufficiently prepare you for this examination.

Hall & Barongan Ch. 1, Blaine Ch. 1
1. What are the class rules? How should you respond to ideas you disagree with?
2. What is diversity? What are the different perspectives of diversity identified by Blaine? Be able to make distinctions between the different perspectives.
3.What is Multiculturalism? What is the Class Mantra?
4. What is Race? What are Mutually Exclusive Categories? What are the a priori necessary and sufficient criterion for class inclusion, with respect to race?
5. What is the distinction between prejudice, discrimination, and racism?
6. What are the origins and history of the concept of race? What justifications for the categories of race have been offered (scientific and religious)? What problems are inherent in the concept of race?
7. What are Anthropometry, Craniometry, & Eugenics? What researchers are associated with these perspectives and other racist “scientific” research.
8. What is ethnicity; what advantages does the concept of ethnicity have, compared to race; what alternative to these mutually exclusive attitudes does Phinney suggest that we focus on?
9. What models of ethnic identity development have been offered, e.g. Cross’s model, Helms’ model, Phinney’s general model.
10. What is Culture; what are the characteristics and functions of cultures; what are some consequences of culture?
11. Compare and contrast Individualism and Collectivism. What social skills are associated with each cultural orientation, how are rewards distributed in these cultures.
12. How has psychology neglected cultural variables?
13. How have H&B defined Sex and Gender? What are some problems they identify with using biological vs. social and psychological distinctions?
14. What is acculturation, and what are the different models of acculturation that have been proposed by La Fromboise?
15. What are the etic and emic approaches to culture? What is the distinction between cross cultural, multicultural and monocultural perspcectives? What are the defining characteristics of these different psychological approaches to culture and diversity? What problems are associated with each of these perspectives?
16. What is Social Constructionism (also see B&H and Blain)?

Blaine Ch 2 & 3
1. What is are stereotypes? How are stereotypes adaptive? In what ways are schemas/stereotypes accurate? In what ways are the potentially problematic?
3. Walter Lippman once said “For the most part we do not first see and then define; we define first, and then see.” What did he mean by this?
4. What are the negative aspects of using Stereotypes?
5. How are stereotypes formed? What aspect of stereotype formation did the segment from Micheal Moore’s chapter Kill Whitey illustrate and how?
6. What is meant by the notion of the Kernel of truth (grain of truth) and how does this truth get distorted?
7. What is an Illusory Correlation? What is the paired distinctiveness illusory correlation effect?
8. What makes stereotypes resistant to change? What is the additive nature of stereotypes?What is the sub-typing effect? When is sub-typing most likely to occur.
9. What outcomes are associated with using Stereotypes?
10. What is the Self-Fulfilling Prophesy? How has it been applied to classroom experiences? What teacher behaviors have been found to contribute to SFP? How do SFP, perceptual bias, and accuracy in perceptions contribute to student performance in the classroom? How has SFP been found to influence perceptions of strangers in phone conversations.
11. What is outgroup homogeneity, ingroup-bias/outgroup-derogation, the fundamental attribution error, and the ultimate attribution error?
12. What is stereotype threat? How does it affect individual behavior? How has stereotype threat affected African-Americans? How has it affected women?
13. What is Stereotyped Communication? What is the Linguistic Intergroup Bias? How can speech covertly communicate out prejudices?

Blaine, Ch. 4
1. How does Gordon Alport Define Prejudice? How does your instructor define prejudice?
2. What are positive and negative prejudice? Why are positive prejudices still problematic?
3. What does your instructor mean when he says “Prejudice is the spoiled fruit that grows from the cognitive vine. It sprouts from a kernel of truth among the weeds of distortion. It is fertilized by existential fear and the drive for self enhancement.”
4. How does prejudice enhance self esteem? What is Social Identity Theory and how does it explain prejudice regarding outgroups? What is BIRGing (Basking in Reflected Glory)?
5. How does positive self-esteem facilitate prejudice? What is relative deprivation?
6. What is Terror Management Theory? What is a world view and how does it protect us against death (symbolic and physical)? What is the Mortality Salience Paradigm? What happens to social judgements when one’s mortality is made salient to them?
7. What is Modern Prejudice? How does modern prejudice differ from old fashioned prejudice?
8. How can we measure prejudice when people are motivated to conceal it? What is the Bogus Pipeline? What is the Bonafide Pipeline?
9. What is automatic prejudice? When are automatic prejudices most likely to influence our thinking? How is automatic prejudice demonstrated in Shelly Taylor’s (actually it was Susan Fiske, but I said Taylor in class) good citizen at the mall story, where her friend tackles the wrong guy?
10. How do personal beliefs differ from stereotypes? I.e. which one is faster, which one is conscious, which one requires effort, which one uses up cognitive resources.
11. What is Alport’s (1954) Contact Hypothesis? What did Alport believe would result from increased contact with outgroup individuals? What limitations have been found to affect the effectiveness of contact? Why does contact reduce prejudice?
12. What is the Self Regulation view of prejudice reduction? What aspect of prejudice is it trying to combat and how does it work?

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