ÿWPC¥ úVaÄÊj 2È«”’È£½(–êÃå;lôΠ8ɉì‘B,‘E.#¼c²Íóà"Æ,E bÅhtÛœ_-ðÚ”–juxTb‡m$âW 5~g³ÅßgðF“Æ>*NKռ·h8ÐmdÅP’(òŸV½%=‹ù`Ê·Âû¡k»?FBÓ·d‡@a–X¥ßSà㜻5pƒ9Ÿ3Û&£”‡ÝåL¶›k´9©Â+ç2ÇaÉ3ä,4ኢ.)¢Ó|ü…÷:qvä£;Sx 2Ë®A-ÍË\ºt·-Âåzõç 8&«ÈÇùQüÕ½ÖÀÛ·[ÌŸ>Ö‡œ‘ÎÛW³°m¯¶ÓÝe›Ht{?1 •U8Ÿ¾@Ø" =CP„º1¦5Øÿ¦Åc‘Œ@¢I”<Ã~·cïÚ÷æÑù1£IÅj pºIâk ‰§úšlg‹@üÀ»Ó¾KÜÜ‹#ljÂÄ_^•Í®ä£ `7þÒ¿¬0ò_ÆuˆdMƒÎÙ$ +µ¾‘VGcµ¥ Ž©*åì7ŸVjQ„WXü÷}Oó¹Cf‚«=6º’í!ù¿x=ʨi _GÿÿvªTT})¦2rY¯o³ÈIE“Ê'!¿Lõ[Ö{«¼¡â²%5(¯† #!ŒUN­ %û 0(w@)4i}Œ mŽ˜HP LaserJet 4050 Series PSØÜØÜÜØØÜ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX($¡¡ $ E% & E' ( E) * E+ , E- …'usBa:ƒ3|x- ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ!ÝÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑذÑÒá°ÒÒá°ÒÑá°Ñà@  ìàPsych.€Research€I€Guide€to€Microsoft€ExcelˆÌÌI.€What€is€Excel.Ìà0 9 àà ‘ àExcel€is€a€spread€sheet€program.€A€spreadsheet€allows€you€to€store€numerical€and€categorical€dataÏefficiently€as€well€as€preform€mathematical€and€statistical€operations€on€your€data.€€For€our€purposes€we€will€beÏusing€excel€to€enter€our€research€data€and€perform€basic€manipulation€of€our€data€in€an€effort€to€prepare€it€for€useÏin€Ô_ÔSPSSÔ_Ô€(Statistical€Package€for€the€Social€Sciences).Ð 9÷&9÷& Ðà0 9 àà ‘ àFor€the€most€part€our€coverage€of€Excel€will€be€very€basic,€but€virtually€all€of€the€statistical€procedures€thatÏwill€be€covered€in€Ô_ÔPSYCÔ_Ô€201€can€be€done€in€excel.Ð 9÷&9÷& ÐÌII.€€Goals:Ìà 9 àOur€goals€for€this€unit€include€the€following€aspects:Ìà 9 àà ‘ à1.€learn€to€set€up€spread€sheets€(III)Ìà 9 àà ‘ à2.€learn€to€enter€datañ/ ñ€ñ/ ññ0 ñ(ñ0 ññ/ ñIVñ/ ññ1 ñ)ñ1 ñÌà 9 àà ‘ à3.€learn€to€edit€data€and€move€blocks€of€datañ2 ñ€ñ2 ññ3 ñ(ñ3 ññ2 ñVñ2 ññ4 ñ)ñ4 ñÌà 9 àà ‘ àà é à„€learn€to€use€excel€as€a€data€cleaning€toolÌà 9 àà ‘ à4.€preform€basic€summative,€multiplicative,€exponential,€&€logarithmic€operationsñ5 ñ€(VI)ñ5 ñÌà 9 àà ‘ à5.€learn€how€to€import€excel€files€into€Ô_ÔSPSSÔ_Ôñ7 ññ6 ñ€ñ6 ññ7 ññ6 ñ€(ñ6 ññ8 ñVII)ñ8 ñÌÌIII.€€Setting€up€new€Spreadsheets.Ìà0 9 à1.€There€are€truly€an€infinite€number€of€ways€to€set€up€a€spreadsheet.€€In€this€corse€we€will€be€concerned€withÏsetting€them€up€in€a€format€that€will€be€accepted€by€Ô_ÔSPSSÔ_Ô.€€Ð 9÷&9÷& Ðà0 9 àà0‘9÷&9÷&à„€In€Ô_ÔSPSSÔ_Ô€vertical€columns€represent€different€variables€while€horizontal€rows€represent€participants.ÏHowever,€it€should€be€noted€that€the€first€(topmost)€row€will€be€reserved€for€variable€names€so€your€firstÏparticipants€data€will€be€presented€in€row€2.€So€cell€A2€(row€2,€column€A)€represents€the€1òòstóó€subjectððs€1òòstóóÐ ø  Ðvariable.€€Cell€A3€=€2òòndóó€subjectððs€1òòstóó€variable.€€Cell€AA56€is€the€55òòthóó€subjectððs€27òòthóó€variable€(note,€Z€=€26òòthóóÐ ä  Ðvariable).Ð ‘÷&‘÷& ÐÌà0 9 àà0‘9÷&9÷&à„Because€of€the€potential€confusion€here,€it€is€best€to€make€your€first€variable€(Cell€A1)€a€designation€ofÏsubject€number€(Ô_ÔSUBNUMÔ_Ô).€€This€is€not€entirely€necessary,€but€when€working€with€large€blocks€of€data€itÏcan€help€you€to€keep€from€losing€your€place€and€making€some€costly€mistakes.€€At€this€point€you€shouldÏalso€go€ahead€and€fill€in€the€subject€numbers€for€all€your€participants€(be€sure€to€double€check€to€make€sureÏyou€didnððt€skip€any€numbers)Ð ‘÷&‘÷& Ðà 9 àÌà0 9 à2.€Labeling€Cells:€Ð 9÷&9÷& Ðà0 9 à„„To€òòò òlabeló óóó€a€cell€use€the€mouse€and€simply€left€click€on€the€cell€of€interest€(or€navigate€to€the€cell€using€theÐ !D # Ðdirectional€arrow€keys).€€Type€the€desired€label€and€then€either€press€ð ðenterðð€or€use€the€directional€arrow€keys€toÏmove€to€the€next€desired€cell.€Ð 9÷&9÷& Ðà0 9 à„„€To€òòò òchange€an€existing€labeló óóó€then€navigate€to€the€desired€cell€and€either€use€the€mouse€and€double€click€on€theÐ ä# #& Ðcell€or€use€the€mouse€and€click€on€the€desired€area€of€the€ð ðFormula€Barðð€(long€white€window€above€theÏspreadsheet€that€displays€the€contents€of€the€currently€selected€cell)€and€make€the€desired€changes.Ð 9÷&9÷& ÐÌà0 9 à3.€Naming€Variables:€Ð 9÷&9÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ à„€Ô_ÔSPSSÔ_Ô€only€accepts€variable€names€that€are€8€characters€or€shorter.€(Note:€excel€is€much€less€stringent)Ìà 9 àà ‘ à„€You€can€not€use€spaces€or€symbols€(e.g.€!@#$%^&*()_+|?/><~).Ìà 9 àà ‘ à„€You€can€use€numbers€but€you€can€not€start€a€variable€name€with€a€numberÌà 9 àà0 ‘ à„€Try€to€pick€informative€variable€names,€and€if€you€have€a€large€number€of€variables€be€sure€to€create€aÏòòò òÔ_ÔcodebookÔ_Ôó óóó€which€is€a€list€of€all€the€variable€names,€what€they€refer€to,€how€they€were€computed,€and€anyÐ 4,\+/ Ðcomments€that€you€may€have€about€them.€€(A€code€book€comes€in€especially€handy€later€when€you€returnÏto€your€data€files€a€week€or€years€later€and€want€to€run€new€analyses€or€alter€some€data).€€(Also€note,€aÏcode€book€can€easily€be€constructed€within€excel€by€copying€the€variable€names€and€pasting€them€vertically,Ïe.g.€in€rows,€using€the€òòò òpaste€specialó óóó€command€within€a€new€file,€see€copying€&€pasting€directions€below)Ðè//3‘÷&‘÷& ÐÐ Ø004 Ðà 9 à4.€Setting€up€Variables:€Continuous€vs.€Discrete€VariablesÌà 9 àà0 ‘ à„€With€only€one€exception€we€will€always€be€interested€in€analyzing€at€least€2€variables,€but€the€type€ofÏvariable€(Continuous€vs.€Discrete)€will€determine€what€we€want€to€enter€as€data.€€The€following€examplesÏshould€cover€all€the€types€of€data€you€will€encounter€in€this€course:Ð ‘÷&‘÷& ÐÌà 9 àà0 ‘ à„Continuous€variables€=€variables€that€can€take€on€any€value€between€a€predetermined€range€of€values,€forÏexample:€time,€weight,€length,€age,€IQ,€subject€number,€test€score,€scale€score,€percentile€rank,Ïpercentages,€etc.Ð ‘÷&‘÷& ÐÌà 9 àà0 ‘ à„Discrete€variables€=€variables€that€represent€categories.€€For€example,€class€rank€(fresh,€soph,€jr,€sr),Ïethnicity,€gender,€religion,€political€affiliation,€names,€telephone€number,€social€security€number,€groupÏassignment€(e.g.,€test€group€vs.€control€group).€€This€type€of€data€can€be€represented€either€as€a€name€or€aÏnumber€that€is€assigned€to€each€group€(e.g.€female€=€1,€male€=€2)Ð ‘÷&‘÷& ÐÌà 9 àà0 ‘ àCase€1:€Two€Discrete€Variables€(e.g.€two€way€chi€square)€:€e.g.€gender€and€class€rank:€we€want€to€know€if€Ïeach€gender€is€equally€represented€within€each€class€here€at€Ô_ÔRadfordÔ_Ô€U.€Ð ‘÷&‘÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà é à„In€this€case€we€need€to€create€and€name€2€seperate€variables€(gender,€Ô_ÔclassrnkÔ_Ô)€Ìà 9 àà ‘ àà é àà A àà0 ™ à„gender€will€have€2€possible€values€(1€or€2)€and€each€subject€will€receive€theÏappropriate€value.Ð ™ ÷&™ ÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà é àà A àà0 ™ à„Ô_ÔClassrnkÔ_Ô€will€have€4€possible€values€(1,2,3,4)€and€each€subject€will€receive€theÏappropriate€value.Ð ™ ÷&™ ÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà é à„Thus€each€subject€will€have€two€scores:€one€gender€score€and€one€class€rank€scoreÌ€Ìà 9 àà0 ‘ àCase€2:€Two€Continuous€Variables€(e.g.€a€correlation)€:€e.g.€age€and€self„report€scale€score€for€liking€ofÏRock€ððnðð€Roll€music.€€Here€we€want€to€know€if€people€of€different€ages€report€different€levels€of€liking€ofÏrock€music.Ð ‘÷&‘÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà é à„In€this€case€we€need€to€create€and€name€2€separate€variables€(age,€Ô_ÔrockrollÔ_Ô).Ìà 9 àà ‘ àà é àà A àà ™ à„Age€will€have€values€that€range€between€0€and€120.Ìà 9 àà ‘ àà é àà A àà ™ à„Ô_ÔRockrollÔ_Ô€will€have€values€that€range€between€1€and€7€(standard€Ô_ÔlikertÔ_Ô€scale)Ìà 9 àà ‘ àà é à„Thus€each€subject€will€have€two€scores:€one€age€score€and€one€rock€ððnðð€roll€liking€score.ÌÌà 9 àà0 ‘ àCase€3:€One€Discrete€Variable€and€One€Continuous€Variable€(e.g.€òòtóó€test€or€ANOVA)€:€e.g.€gender€and€IQ.€Ð l” ÐHere€we€want€to€know€if€women€are€smarter€than€men€(which€everyone€knows€is€true).Ð ‘÷&‘÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà é à„In€this€case€we€need€to€create€and€name€2€separate€variables€(gender,€IQ)Ìà 9 àà ‘ àà é àà A àà0 ™ à„Gender€will€have€2€possible€values€(1€or€2)€and€each€subject€will€receive€theÏappropriate€value.Ð ™ ÷&™ ÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà é àà A àà0 ™ à„IQ€will€have€values€that€range€between€60€and€180€(theoretically€0€„€200)€and€eachÏsubject€will€receive€the€appropriate€value.Ð ™ ÷&™ ÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà é à„Thus€each€subject€will€have€two€scores:€One€gender€scores€and€one€IQ€score.Ìà 9 àà ‘ àà0 é à„Note:€for€Discrete€variables€with€only€2€levels€(e.g.€gender)€the€test€will€be€a€òòtóó€test.€For€variableÐ Ì$ô#' Ðwith€more€than€2€levels€(e.g.€ethnicity,€political€affiliation,€class€rank)€the€test€will€be€an€ANOVA.Ð é÷&é÷& ÐÌIV.€€Data€Entry:Ìà0 9 àWhen€entering€data€it€is€easiest€to€use€the€right€hand€numeric€keypad.€You€must€remember€to€turn€on€the€numberÏlock€(Ô_ÔNumLockÔ_Ô:€appears€above€the€7€key),€but€be€careful€not€to€accidentally€hit€the€Ô_ÔnumlockÔ_Ô€button€when€reachingÏfor€the€7€key.€€You€should€enter€all€the€data€for€a€subject€at€the€same€time€(e.g.€go€across€the€row),€by€typing€theÏdesired€value€into€the€appropriate€cell€followed€by€hitting€the€right€arow€key€(if€you€hit€enter€it€selects€the€cellÏbelow€your€currently€selected€cell,€this€is€desirable€when€you€are€entering€all€the€data€for€all€subjects€for€a€singleÏvariable).Ð 9÷&9÷& ÐÌà 9 àòòò òAlways€double€check€your€numbersó óóó.€€Ð ð..2 Ðà 9 àà0 ‘ à„if€you€only€have€a€few€data€points€less€than€25€(for€all€variables€combined)€then€you€can€easily€check€it€byÏyourself.Ð ‘÷&‘÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ à„if€you€have€a€larger€data€set,€then€there€are€2€appropriate€methods€for€checking€your€data.Ð ¸1à05 Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà0 é àA.€you€can€have€someone€read€the€scores€off€of€the€questionnaires€while€you€double€check€theÏvalues€typed€into€the€program€(either€from€a€printout€or€from€the€monitor).Ð é÷&é÷& ÐÌà 9 àà ‘ àà0 é àB.€you€can€enter€all€the€data€twice€(or€have€two€people€do€it€separately)€into€two€separate€butÏidentical€files€(you€will€need€to€give€them€slightly€different€file€names€(e.g.€data1.Ô_ÔxlsÔ_Ô€&€data2.Ô_ÔxlsÔ_Ô)).ÏLater€you€create€a€3òòrdóó€file€called€a€comparison€file€where€you€paste€in€the€data€from€both€data€filesÐ tœ Ðand€you€write€an€equation€that€will€subtract€file€2€from€file€1.€€This€will€result€in€a€block€of€dataÏwhere€every€cell€that€has€0€in€it€means€that€cell€was€the€same€in€data€file€1€and€file€2€and€is€thereforeÏcorrectly€entered€(well€sort€of,€it€could€have€been€incorrectly€entered€both€times,€but€this€is€ratherÏunlikely,€unless€there€is€a€problem€with€the€raw/original€data).€€If€something€other€than€a€0€presentÏin€a€cell€it€means€there€was€a€discrepancy€between€the€data1€and€data2€files,€and€you€must€go€backÏto€the€original€data€and€look€up€the€correct€score€and€then€make€sure€the€data€1€file€is€correct€(orÏwhichever€file€you€plan€to€use€for€data€analysis).Ð é÷&é÷& ÐÌV.€Copying€&€Moving€Blocks€of€Data:Ìà0 9 à„„Excel€works€like€most€word€processors€do€and€youñ ñrñ ññ ñ€ñ ññ ñ€ñ ñmain€tools€for€duplicating€information€are€ð ðcopyðð€ð ðcutðð€&Ïð ðpasteðð.Ð 9÷&9÷& Ðà 9 àà0 ‘ à„To€use€these€tool€you€must€first€highlight€the€area€to€be€operated€upon.€€To€highlight€a€block€of€data,€useÏthe€mouse€and€position€the€cursor€over€the€upper„left„most€cell€of€the€desired€block€left€click€and€holdÏdown€the€button€(e.g.€click€and€drag)€and€drag€the€mouse€to€the€right€until€you€come€to€the€upper„right„¼most€cell€of€the€block€(keep€the€left€mouse€button€depression€and€then€drñ ñeñ ññ ñañ ñg€the€mouse€down€until€youÏreach€the€lower„right„most€cell€of€the€block.€€Use€the€alphabetical€letters€of€the€columns€and€the€rowÏnumber€to€guide€you.€€Once€you€have€the€desired€block€highlighted€(usually€in€black)€let€go€of€the€leftÏbutton€and€position€your€cursor€over€a€portion€of€the€highlighted€area€and€depress€the€right€mouse€button.ÏAt€this€point€a€dialogue€box€will€appear€with€several€options.€(e.g.€cut,€copy,€paste,€paste€special,€clear,Ïdelete,€move...).€€Navigate€the€cursor€to€the€appropriate€selection€and€either€left€or€right€click.Ð ‘÷&‘÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà0 é à(Note€if€you€make€a€mistake€and€select€the€wrong€thing€and€your€data€gets€deleted€or€rearranged,Ïdo€not€panic,€there€is€an€undo€command€that€will€reverse€your€last€move€or€even€your€last€4€or€5Ïmoves,€this€command€is€located€on€the€òòò òEditóóó ó€pull€down€menu.€Also€there€is€an€undo€button€on€theÐ ¨Ð Ðtool€bar€that€looks€like€a€an€arrow€going€in€circles€to€the€left,€counter€clock€wise,€e.g.€it€turns€backÏthe€foul€hands€of€time.€Ð é÷&é÷& ÐÌà 9 àà0 ‘ à„Copy€:€makes€a€copy€of€your€selected€block€(this€copy€is€stored€in€what€is€called€a€clipboard,€occasionallyÏwhen€you€shut€down€excel€it€will€ask€if€you€want€to€save€the€contents€of€a€clipboard,€if€your€are€done€withÏit€say€yes).€Note:€clipboard€contents€can€be€shared€between€programs€(e.g.€from€excel€to€Ô_ÔspssÔ_Ô,€or€excel€toÏword€or€word€perfect,€or€Ô_ÔspssÔ_Ô€to€word€perfect,€etc)€Also€Note:€clipboard€contents€are€cleared€when€Ô_ÔwhenÔ_ÔÏyou€copy€or€cut€something€new,€but€not€when€you€paste.Ð ‘÷&‘÷& ÐÌà 9 àà0 ‘ à„Cut€:€will€remove€an€area€of€data€so€that€you€can€place€it€someñ ñ€ñ ñwhereñ ñ€ñ ññ ñ€ñ ñelse€(notñ ñe:ñ ñ€the€original€block€in€itððsÏoriginal€location€will€be€lost,€but€there€will€be€a€copy€of€it€on€the€clip€board€until€you€copy€or€cut€somethingÏelse,€but€you€can€undo€a€cut€using€the€undo€coñ ñmñ ñmand).Ð ‘÷&‘÷& ÐÌà 9 àà0 ‘ à„Paste€(Blocks):€This€allows€you€to€place€the€contents€of€a€clipboard€(e.g.€copied€or€cut€blocks)€anywhereÏyou€want€them.€You€place€a€block€by€selecting€the€upper„left„most€cell€of€the€area€where€you€want€yourÏblock€to€appear,€then€right€click€on€that€block€and€select€paste€from€the€dialogue€box.€€Paste€will€paste€theÏentire€copied€block,€be€careful€because€paste€will€overwrite€any€already€existing€data€that€lies€within€theÏpasted€area.€Ð ‘÷&‘÷& ÐÌà 9 àà0 ‘ à„Paste€(single€item€into€Block):€Sometimes€you€may€want€a€single€equation€applied€to€all€the€data,€butÏinstead€of€writing€new€equations€for€each€string€of€data,€you€can€write€one€equation,€copy€it,€highlight€theÏarea€where€you€want€the€equation€applied€and€then€paste€it.€€Ð ‘÷&‘÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà0 é à„One€feature€of€excel€that€makes€it€so€useful€is€that€when€you€paste€equations€it€alters€your€equationÏso€that€it€is€correct€with€respect€to€its€location€in€the€spread€sheet.€For€example:Ð é÷&é÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà é àà A àà ™ à1.€I€have€2€variables€named€in€cells€A1€and€B1:€Weight€&€Height€respectivelyÐ ¸1à05 Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà é àà A àà ™ à2.€I€want€to€compute€a€mass€ratio€of€(Weight/Height).€I€name€it€in€cell€C1Ìà 9 àà ‘ àà é àà A àà0 ™ à3.€In€cell€C2€(subject€1€data)€I€type€my€equation€telling€the€computer€to€Ô_ÔdevideÔ_Ô€cellÏA2€by€cell€B2.Ð ™ ÷&™ ÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà é àà A àà0 ™ à4.€Now€I€want€this€done€for€all€subjects,€I€could€write€a€separate€equation€for€everyÏsubject€(e.g.€sub€2€=€A3/B3,€sub€3€=€A4/B4,€etc).Ð ™ ÷&™ ÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà é àà A àà0 ™ à5.€But€I€can€also€copy€cell€C2€and€paste€it€into€Column€C€for€all€subjects€and€ExcelÏautomatically€transforms€the€equation€so€that€it€is€correct€for€each€row€instead€ofÏjust€making€an€exact€copy€of€cell€C2€which€would€be€useless.Ð ™ ÷&™ ÷& ÐÌVI.€€Equations€&€Operators:ÌÌà0 9 à„€Equations€are€strings€of€cells€(variables),€numbers€(constants),€and€operators€(mathematical€operations,€e.g.€add,Ïsubtract,€multiply,€etc).Ð 9÷&9÷& Ðà 9 àà0 ‘ à„€A€cell€is€designated€as€an€equation€when€you€start€the€cell€value€with€and€equal€sign€(€=€).€€When€a€cell€isÏdesignated€as€an€equation€you€will€see€the€result€(numerical€value)€of€the€equation€on€the€spread€sheet€andÏthe€formula€will€appear€in€the€formula€bar€(when€you€copy€an€equation€cell€you€are€copying€the€formula,Ïnot€the€resulting€value)Ð ‘÷&‘÷& Ðà0 9 à„€Operators€are€the€mathematical€operations€and€functions€you€can€use.€The€following€are€the€basic€operations€youÏwill€use€in€this€course€and€in€general€(a€more€complete€list€can€be€obtained€using€the€topics€and€contents€lists€fromÏthe€help€menu,€look€up€operators,€also€see€appendix€of€this€handout)Ð 9÷&9÷& ÐÌà 9 àà ‘ àà é àOperationà0 ™ àà0ñ™ ÷&™ ÷&àà0Iñ÷&ñ÷&àExample€formulaà Q àà © àÐ4\I÷&I÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà é à„€Addition€à0 ™ àà0ñ™ ÷&™ ÷&à+€à0Iñ÷&ñ÷&à=A1€+€B1€Ð HI÷&I÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà é à„€Subtraction€à0 ™ àà0ñ™ ÷&™ ÷&à„à0Iñ÷&ñ÷&à=A1€„€B1Ð 4I÷&I÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà é à„€Multiplication€à0 ñ à*à0Iñ÷&ñ÷&à=A1€*€B1Ðø I÷&I÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà é à„Division€à0 ™ àà0ñ™ ÷&™ ÷&à/à0Iñ÷&ñ÷&à=A1/B1Ðä I÷&I÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà é à„Summationà0 ™ à€€€€€€Sum(€:€)€€€à0I™ ÷&™ ÷&à=sum(A1:Z1)€€€Note:€this€will€add€cells€A1€through€Z1€(e.g.Ð Ðø ÐA1+B1+C1+D1+E1.....)Ð I÷&I÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà é à„Exponentsà0 ™ àà0ñ™ ÷&™ ÷&à^à0Iñ÷&ñ÷&à=A1^2€€€€€à0ùI÷&I÷&àNote€:€this€is€the€same€as€A1€*€A1€(e.g.€3*3€=€9)ШÐù÷&ù÷& Ðà 9 àà ‘ àà é à„Logarithm€€€€Log(number,€base)€€€=€Log(A1,€3),€if€no€base€is€specified€excel€assumes€it€is€tenÌà 9 àà ‘ àà é à„Logbase10€€€Log10(number)€€€€€€€€=€Log10(A1)Ìà 9 àà ‘ àà é à„Square€Root€€€€€€Ô_ÔSQRTÔ_Ô(number)€€€=Ô_ÔSQRTÔ_Ô(A1)ÌÌà 9 àà0 ‘ àNote:€you€give€negative€numbers€for€log€or€square€root€functions€then€excel€will€return€ð ð#Ô_ÔNUMÔ_Ô!ððÏessentially€an€error€statement€because€logs€and€square€roots€of€negative€numbers€are€imaginary€numbers.Ð ‘÷&‘÷& ÐÌ€VII€à0 9 àImporting€Data€From€Excel€into€Ô_ÔSPSSÔ_Ô€7.5.€Ð"0!$9÷&9÷& Ðà 9 àà0 ‘ à„Ô_ÔSPSSÔ_Ô€7.5€will€not€read€any€Excel€file€newer€than€version€4.0,€therefore€you€must€always€save€your€excelÏfile€you€wish€to€export€to€Ô_ÔSPSSÔ_Ô€as€version€4.0.€€This€is€easily€done€by€selecting€the€ð ðsave€asðð€option€fromÏthe€ð ðfileðð€pull€down€menu€in€excel,€when€the€save€as€box€appears€go€the€bottom€and€scroll€through€the€fileÏtype€menu€and€select€ð ðMicrosoft€Excel€4.0€spreadsheet€(*.Ô_ÔxlsÔ_Ô)ðð.€€Note:€this€version€will€not€support€filesÏthat€are€workbooks€with€multiple€spreadsheets.€€Then€name€the€file€and€save€it€to€the€appropriate€directoryÏ(e.g.€A:€).€€(Note€Ô_ÔSPSSÔ_Ô€9.0€wiñ$ ññ# ñiñ# ññ$ ññ% ñll€support€the€latest€excel€files€so€there€is€no€need€to€save€down€to€lowerÏversions€if€you€plan€oñ% ññ& ññ% ñfñ% ññ& ññ' ñn€using€ñ' ññ, ññ' ñthñ' ññ, ññ- ñÔ_ÔspssÔ_Ô€9.0)ñ- ññ( ññ' ñeñ' ññ( ññ* ññ) ñ\isñ) ññ* ññ, ññ+ ñis€ñ+ ññ, ñÐ ‘÷&‘÷& ÐÌà 9 àà0 ‘ à„When€in€Ô_ÔSPSSÔ_Ô€use€the€file€pull€down€menu€in€the€DATA€EDITOR€and€select€ð ðopenðð€option€and€thenÏselect€the€ð ðdataðð€option.€€When€the€open€box€appears€select€the€file€type€ð ðExcel€(*.Ô_ÔxlsÔ_Ô).€€€Open€the€desiredÏfile.€€A€second€box€will€appear€with€2€entry€options:€1)€ð ðRead€Variable€Namesðð€select€this€option€if€youÏhave€previously€named€the€variables€in€excel,€otherwise€leave€it€blank.€€2)€Range,€you€can€ignore€this€forÏthe€most€part,€it€just€allows€you€to€open€portions€of€files,€you€should€not€need€this.Ð ‘÷&‘÷& ÐÌà 9 àà ‘ à„When€you€are€done€you€should€have€an€Ô_ÔspssÔ_Ô€date€editor€sheet€identical€to€your€excel€sheet.ÌÌÐ ´1Ü05 ЇÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌ