Tutorial: Unix Commands and Submit

U Drive and Putty

Mount U drive

U drive is identical to rucs home directory

Personal machines:

ThisPC/Computer/Map network drive
\\userdir\users\yourRUuserid
If not logged in with RU userid: Select Connect using different credentials
You may need to enter your userid as RADFORD\userid
See OneStop for detailed instructions
N.B. Your old H drive is at userdir\username

Run putty and login to rucs

Download PuTTY and run executable

Host name: rucs.radford.edu

Home directory on rucs is your U: drive

Shell

A program that provides access to OS services and resources

Provides a command line interface to OS

Common unix shells: bash, csh, ...
Common windows shells: cmd, powershell, bash

Putty (and mac terminal window) give access to a shell
Putty (and terminal window) runs on your local machine, and shell runs on the remote machine (ie rucs)

What a shell does:

Run Commands:

Read command line
Find command(s)
Execute command

Maintain Environment Variables: eg $PATH.

eg $PATH
setenv

Shell Startup:

Automatically execute commands read from a startup file
Example: .profile, .cshrc, in home directory
Name of startup file varies depending on shell

Command execution

Built-in: ls, cd, pwd, rm - run by shell program
Can start other programs, from PATH: eg gnatmake

echo $PATH

Can start other programs, from local directory: eg ./homework_one

./ not needed if . is on $PATH
What is .? A special name for the current directory

Basic Commands

Absolute and Relative Paths

A directory is equivalent to a folder
Some directories have special names:

~ - your home directory
. - the current directory
.. - the parent of the current directory

The current directory is the directory that commands refer, unless another directory is given

Special Directories

A directory is equivalent to a folder
Some directories have special names:

~ - your home directory
. - the current directory
.. - the parent of the current directory

The current directory is the directory that commands refer, unless another directory is given

Basic Commands

pwd, ls, cd, absolute and relative paths, . and .. (current and parent dirs)

   pwd                   # print working directory
   ls /usr/local/gnat    # list files at this directory
                         # absolute paths start with /

   cd /usr/local/gnat    # change to that directory

   pwd                   # yup, we're there
   cd bin      # change to child directory bin
   pwd
   ls          # look at current directory
   ls .        # look at current directory
   ls ..       # look at parent directory.
   cd ../lib   # change to sibling directory bin.  Relative path
   pwd
   cd ..       # change to parent directory
   pwd
   cd ./bin    # change to child of current directory
   pwd
   ./gnatls    # run gnatls from current directory

More on ls

ls -l: type (d=dir), permissions, links, owner, group, size, date, time, name
Permissions: Read/Write/Execute for User/Group/Others
-- for options that are words

   cd /usr/local/bin
   ls     # list files
   ls -l  # long format
   ls -a  # all files (include hidden files)
   ls -F  # mark directories with / and executables with *
   ls --color         # color
   ls -alF --color    # Multiple options
   ls    lib          # files in directory lib
   ls -d lib          # directory lib itself

~ (home directory), - (previous directory),

   pwd
   ls ~    # list files in home directory
   cd ~    # Change to home dir
   cd -    # change to previous dir
   cd      # Change to home dir
   cd -    # change to previous dir
   pwd

mkdir (Make a directory), ls -d

   cd ~           # Start in home dir
   mkdir 320      # create new child dir
   ls -d 320      # dir 320 should exist
   ls 320         # 320 should be empty
   mkdir 320/h1   # create a child of 320
   ls 320         # 320 no longer emtpy
   ls -d 320      # view 320 as a directory
   cd 320         # go to child
   pwd
   ls
   ls -a          # what are . and ..?
   cd h1
   pwd

Create, compile, run, and cat int1.adb

Create int1.adb on laptop and save in 320/h1

      with ada.text_io; use ada.text_io;
      with ada.integer_text_io; use ada.integer_text_io;
      procedure int1 is
         i: Integer;
      begin
         get(i);
         put(i);
         new_line;
      end int1;

cat (View), compile and run on rucs:

        cd ~/320/h1
        ls 
        cat int1.adb  
        gnatmake int1
       ./int1

Edit int1.adb and introduce a few errors for practice, then fix them

Use vim or nano [running pico also runs nano] for an editor

cp, mv (copy and move - destination is a dir)

        cd ~/320/h1    # start in home
        ls
        cp int1.adb int2.adb    # copy int1.adb to new file int2.adb
        ls
        mv int2.adb ..          # move int2.adb to parent dir
        ls                      #   it's gone from here
        ls ..                   #   it's in the parent
        mv ../int2.adb .        # move it back to here
        ls                      #   yup, it's here

mv (rename - destination is a file, not a dir), rm (remove)

        ls
        mv int2.adb int3.adb    # change name of int2
        ls
        rm int3.adb
        ls

* (Wildcard)

   cp int1.adb int2.adb
   gnatmake int1    # create some .o and .ali files
   gnatmake int2
   ls
   ls int1*         # all int1
   ls int2.*        # all int1.
   ls *
   rm *.o           # all .o
   rm *.ali         # all .ali

rmdir (remove directory - which must be empty)

   cd ~/320
   mkdir tmp
   cp h1/int1.adb tmp
   rmdir tmp            # not empty
   rm tmp/int1.adb      # empty it
   rmdir tmp            # now it works
   ls                   # yup, it's gone

submit command

   cd h1
   submit itec320-01 int1.adb   # submit it
   submit itec320-01 -ls        # check it

Other Commands

cls
alias
head, tail
which
less, more
| (ie pipe)
wc
grep
diff
find
man
od -x

configuration

What shell am I running: ps
tcsh vi command line editing: bindkey -v
bash vi command line editing: set -o vi

Redirection: Standard input and output

cmd windows vs unix

ls vs dir
cat vs type
mv vs rename
rm vs delete

exit

WinSCP

Another way to get files to rucs is to use winscp
For personal machines, download and install WinSCP

Macs and linux machines - can use scp from command lien