Radford University Undergraduate Catalog for 1999-2000 Academic Programs Radford University offers curricula leading to seven undergraduate degrees: the Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Social Work, Bachelor of Science in Nursing, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Fine Arts, Bachelor of Music, Bachelor of Business Administration, and Bachelor of General Studies. For information about graduate programs, consult the Radford University Graduate Catalog. In the Bachelor of Arts degree, emphasis is on work in the academic fields and the study of a foreign language is required. The Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Social Work, and Bachelor of Science in Nursing degrees are offered for work in academic as well as in vocational and professional fields; the study of a foreign language is not required. Courses in professional education may be offered to satisfy a part of the requirement for the Bachelor of Science degree. The Bachelor of Business Administration degree is for students who wish to work in national or multinational businesses or prepare for graduate work in business. (See Academic Terminology below for additional information about degrees, majors, minors, concentrations, options, and programs.) For the Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Business Administration degree programs, the minimum requirement for graduation is at least 120 semester hours of passing course work. The Bachelor of Fine Arts and Bachelor of Music degree programs place a heavy emphasis on work in the major field. In these two professional degree programs, students may have to take course work in excess of 120 hours; thus, close consultation with the adviser is recommended. For details about the requirements for the Adult Degree Program (Bachelor of General Studies), please see the section below. In consultation with an adviser from a chosen discipline, undergraduates plan an academic program consisting of general education courses, major courses, and electives. Students should choose their departmental major as soon as possible and not later than the end of the sophomore year. At least half of the hours counted in the major and minor must be earned at Radford University. Academic Terminology Degree: A degree represents the academic level of a program and the general category into which it falls, e.g. Bachelor of Arts, Master of Science, etc. At Radford University, the term Arts in an undergraduate degree generally implies a language requirement. The minimum number of semester hours for a Radford University undergraduate degree is 120. Major: A major represents a student's principal field of study; that is, the academic discipline he or she wishes to study intensively, for example, Psychology, Music, Accounting, etc. There are no general minimums for the number of credits in an undergraduate major, but the range is approximately 30 to 90 semester hours. Program: The term program defies unique definition. One use of the term involves a combination of a major and a degree, e.g., Bachelor of Science in Chemistry, Bachelor of Business Administration in Accounting, etc. Occasionally, a program may consist only of a degree and not have a specific major, as in the Master of Business Administration. Program may also be used in a more generic sense to modify degree/major combinations, as in Teacher Education Program, or School Psychology Program. Minor: A minor represents a student's secondary field of study and, by implication, is different from the major. This distinguishes the minor from concentrations and options. The range for the number of semester hours in an undergraduate minor is 15 to 24. Concentration: A concentration is a field of study within a major. Some examples are: Ballet within Dance, Public Relations within Communication, Human Resources within Management, etc. The number of semester hours for a concentration varies, but are always included within the semester hours for the major. This distinguishes concentrations from options, which represent semester hours beyond the major. Option: An option is a set of related courses and/or experiences that complements the major (as distinguished from being a field within the major). The principal example is in education where Elementary, Middle, and other options complement the Interdisciplinary Studies major by preparing the student for a specific career path. As noted above, option semester hours are in addition to those for the major. COURSES OF STUDY ACADEMIC MINORS REQUIREMENTS FOR ALL DEGREES To earn an undergraduate degree from Radford University, students must fulfill both general education requirements and the requirements associated with a specific degree and major, as well as sufficient electives to complete the minimum semester hours required for graduation. General education requirements are detailed below. They are followed by an outline of requirements associated with specific degrees (B.A., B.S., etc.). Details of the requirements for specific degrees and majors can be found in the department sections in this catalog. GENERAL EDUCATION PROGRAM Radford University is committed to the development of mature, responsible, well-educated citizens. In addition to a diverse body of knowledge, such persons must possess a love of learning and a range of intellectual skills that enable them to meet the challenges and realize the promises of a complex, multi-cultural, and an ever-changing world. The primary mission of Radford University's General Education Program is to provide undergraduates with a solid foundation for lifelong learning. This foundation includes knowledge, skills, and experiences necessary for advanced study in academic disciplines and for personal growth as responsible, productive members of society. Goals To fulfill the mission of the General Education Program, the university has designed a curriculum with a number of general and specific goals to be met by all undergraduate students. Upon completion of the General Education Program, students should be able to: Think critically and creatively about ideas, issues, problems, and texts both within and across academic disciplines. Construct logical and persuasive arguments. Employ a variety of research methods and styles of inquiry. Use appropriate computer technologies to gather and organize information, to solve problems, and to communicate ideas. Work with others in a shared process of inquiry and problem-solving. Identify the personal and cultural values that shape decisions in public, professional, and private life, and assess the ethical implications of those decisions. In addition to supporting these six general goals, the 50-hour curriculum is designed to ensure that students gain knowledge, abilities, and experiences in eight broad areas of study: communication, fine arts, health and wellness, humanities, international and intercultural studies, mathematical sciences, physical and natural sciences, and social and behavioral sciences. Area 1: Communication (6-9 hours) Communication skills are essential to success in university studies, professional careers, and social interaction. The ability to read, write, speak, and listen effectively is the foundation upon which learning is based. Upon successful completion of this area of the curriculum, students should be able to: Read primary and secondary texts in English with comprehension. Write effective prose which takes into account a range of audiences, purposes, and contexts. Listen attentively and participate effectively in oral discussion. Speak with clarity and purpose in a variety of social and professional contexts. The following courses have been approved for General Education credit in this area: Required (6 hours) ENGL 101. Introduction to Expository Writing ENGL 102. Reading, Writing, and Research Skills Optional (0-3 hours) MSTD 146. Media Performance SPCH 114. Public Speaking SPCH 337. Teamwork and Communication Area 2: Fine Arts (3-6 hours) The fine arts - theatre, music, dance, art - define us as human beings through creative expression of both individuals and cultural groups. The arts awaken our senses, stimulate imaginative thinking, and provide insight into human cultures present and past. Upon successful completion of this area of the curriculum, students should be able to: Understand the arts as a direct means of expression and creative thinking. Understand the arts as a means of communication across cultures and as a link with past cultures. Understand how the arts function within cultures on personal, social, or practical levels by awakening the senses, touching emotions, communicating ideas, and inspiring or challenging audiences. Identify formal characteristics of artworks. Identify the emotional and intellectual content of artworks. Identify stylistic characteristics of artworks as they relate to an individual artist, group of artists, artistic movement, historical period, and ethnic or geographical context. The following courses have been approved for General Education credit in this area: Required (3-6 hours) ART 111. Art Appreciation ART 215. Art History Survey: Prehistory to Gothic ART 216. Art History Survey: Renaissance to Contemporary ART 366. Art History Travel Study ART 412 Late 18th and 19th Century Art ART 422. Art of the Ancient World ART 424. Medieval Art ART 427. Special Topics in Art History ART 428. Twentieth Century Art ART 462. Renaissance Art ART 482. Baroque and Rococo Art DNCE 111 Dance Appreciation DNCE 366. Travel Study DNCE 480. History and Philosophy of Dance DNCE 481 History and Philosophy of Dance CVPA 100. The Visual and Performing Arts in Europe MUSC 100. Introduction to Music Literature MUSC 121. The Art of Music MUSC 122. The Symphony MUSC 123. The Art of Jazz MUSC 321. History of Music MUSC 322. History of Music MUSC 366. Travel Study THEA 100. Theatre Appreciation THEA 366. Travel Study THEA 375. Theatre History I THEA 376. Theatre History II Area 3. Health and Wellness (3 hours) The quality of life for individuals and communities is largely dependent on the choices we make. Informed decisions about healthful behavior, leisure activity, and interaction with the natural environment can enhance both personal and societal well-being. Upon successful completion of this area of the curriculum, students should be able to: Identify the factors which influence health behavior decisions. Make educated health-related choices which promote personal well being and enhance the overall quality of life. Analyze the relations among factors such as nutrition, stress, and leisure as they influence personal wellness. Understand how personal health and lifestyle choices affect society at large. The following courses have been approved for General Education credit in this area: Required (3 hours) FDSN 214. Introduction to Nutrition HLTH 111. Personal Health HLTH 200. Wellness Lifestyle LESE 200. Leisure in Contemporary Society NURS 111. Personal Health Area 4. Humanities (6-9 hours) The humanities - religious studies, philosophy, literature, and classics - address fundamental questions about the meaning and value of life. These disciplines study humanity in a historical context and express humankind's most profound understanding of itself and its place in the world. Upon successful completion of this area of the curriculum, students should be able to: Demonstrate a basic knowledge of the nature and methods of inquiry in the humanities. Demonstrate an understanding of the importance of the human quest for meaning, value, and order in life. Analyze and evaluate different views of the meaning, value, and purpose of human life. Interpret and critically evaluate classical and contemporary works of literature as diverse expressions of the human condition. Discuss in speech and writing the relevance of the search for meaning to their own lives. The following courses have been approved for General Education credit in this area: Required (3 hours) CLSS 210. Greek Literature in Translation CLSS 220. Latin Literature in Translation ENGL 201. Masterpieces of World Literature ENGL 202. Masterpieces of British Literature ENGL 203. Masterpieces of American Literature Required (3 hours) PHIL 111. Introduction: Knowledge, Reality, and the Human Condition PHIL 112. Introduction: Ethics and Society PHIL 113. Introduction: Reasoning and Argument PHIL 114. Introduction: The Origins of Western Philosophy RELN 111. Introduction to Religion RELN 112. Survey of World Religions RELN 200. Survey of the New Testament RELN 202. Survey of the Old Testament RELN 205. Religion and Culture RELN 206. Religion in Individual Life Optional (0-3 hours) CLSS 110. Classical Mythology CLSS 210. Greek Literature in Translation CLSS 220. Latin Literature in Translation ENGL 201. Masterpieces of World Literature ENGL 202. Masterpieces of British Literature ENGL 203. Masterpieces of American Literature ENGL 314. Topics in Literature ENGL 321. The Study of Fiction ENGL 322. The Study of Poetry ENGL 323. The Study of Drama ENGL 324. The Study of the Essay PHIL 111. Introduction: Knowledge, Reality, and the Human Condition PHIL 112. Introduction: Ethics and Society PHIL 113. Introduction: Reasoning and Argument PHIL 114. Introduction: The Origins of Western Philosophy RELN 111. Introduction to Religion RELN 112. Survey of World Religions RELN 200. Survey of the New Testament RELN 202. Survey of the Old Testament RELN 205. Religion and Culture RELN 206. Religion in Individual Life Area 5. International and Intercultural Studies (3-6 hours) In the world of the 21st century - a world of multinational organizations and transnational economies, of planetary crises and global opportunities - understanding and communication among people of different nations and cultures are ever more important. An awareness of different cultural traditions and values and an understanding of the relationships among peoples and nations are essential for effective and responsible participation in the global community. Upon successful completion of this area of the curriculum, students should be able to: Demonstrate an awareness of the diversity of cultures both within and beyond the United States. Analyze similarities and differences between their own and other cultures that affect perceptions, beliefs, and behaviors. Demonstrate an understanding of the central place of language in shaping thinking, values, and other aspects of culture. Identify and discuss important global issues that highlight the relationships among peoples and nations. The following courses have been approved for General Education credit in this area: Required (3 hours) ANTH 121. Cultural Anthropology CVPA 100. The Visual and Performing Arts in Europe ECON 340. Global Economy and Business FORL 109. Study Abroad Practicum FORL 209. Study Abroad Practicum FORL 309. Study Abroad Practicum FORL 409. Study Abroad Practicum FREN 100. Elementary French FREN 101. Practical French Conversation FREN 200. Intermediate French I FREN 210. Intermediate French II FREN 300. Readings in French FREN 319. French Culture FREN 320. French Cinema GEOG 101. Europe and the Americas GEOL 102. Africa and Asia GRMN 100. Elementary German GRMN 200. Intermediate German I GRMN 210. Intermediate German II GRMN 300. Readings in German GRMN 304. German Culture HEBR 101. Elementary Hebrew I HEBR 102. Elementary Hebrew II HEBR 201. Advanced Biblical Hebrew HIST 101. World History to 1650 HIST102. World History after 1650 LATN 101. Elementary Latin I LATN 102. Elementary Latin II LATN 201. Intermediate Latin LATN 202. Introduction to Latin Literature POSC 130. Introduction to Comparative Government RELN 112. Survey of World Religions SPAN 101. Spanish I Beginning Spanish SPAN 102. Spanish II Beginning Spanish SPAN 201. Spanish III Intermediate Spanish SPAN 202. Spanish IV Intermediate Spanish SPAN 325. Spanish Culture SPAN 326. Contemporary Spanish Culture SPAN 335. Spanish American Culture SPAN 336. Contemporary Spanish American Culture Area 6. Mathematical Sciences (6 hours) Mathematical skills are essential to success in a wide range of academic disciplines, professional careers, and daily activities. The ability to analyze and solve problems using numbers and symbols is indispensable in the natural and social sciences, in the development of technology, and in many aspects of daily life. Upon successful completion of this area of the curriculum, students should be able to: Understand and express relationships among numeric, symbolic, and graphical information. Demonstrate problem-solving techniques involving pattern recognition, models, and the construction of logical mathematical arguments. Recognize the applications of mathematics in their major fields and in their lives and careers. The following courses have been approved for General Education credit in this area: Required (6 hours) Three of the six hours must be in a course with a MATH or STAT prefix. MATH 103. Finite Mathematics MATH 104. College Algebra MATH 109. Introduction to Geometry MATH 121. Business Calculus MATH 138. Precalculus Function Analysis MATH 140. Trigonometry and Analytic Geometry MATH 145. Applied Business Mathematics MATH 151. Calculus and Analytic Geometry MATH 152. Calculus and Analytic Geometry MATH 161. Calculus and Analytic Geometry MATH 260. Applied Linear Algebra and Matrices STAT 205. Business Statistics STAT 206. Business Statistics STAT 208. Statistics for the Social Sciences STAT 211. Statistics for the Biological and Health Sciences CPSC 106. Introduction to Computers CPSC 106P. Introduction to Computers CPSC 109. Problem Solving and Programming CPSC 120. Principles of Computer Science INSY 181. Business Applications of Microcomputers Area 7. Physical and Natural Sciences (8 hours) The natural sciences - physics, geology, chemistry, biology - have shaped the modern world and our way of thinking about the world. An understanding of both the methodology and the knowledge produced by scientific inquiry permits us to interpret, influence, and protect the world we live in. Upon successful completion of this area of the curriculum, students should be able to: Comprehend the empirical nature of science. Identify scientific problems and apply scientific methods. Extend scientific problem-solving skills to a variety of situations. Relate the basic principles of science to the world at large. Understand the relations between science, technology, and society. The following course sequences have been approved for General Education credit in this area: Required (8 hours) BIOL 101. Principles of Biology BIOL 102. Principles of Biology BIOL 111. Contemporary Issues in Biology BIOL 112. Contemporary Issues in Biology CHEM 101. General Chemistry CHEM 102. General Chemistry CHEM 103. General Chemistry GEOL 101. Exploring Earth GEOL 102. The Earth Through Time GEOL 103. Environmental Geology PHSC 121. Physical Science Processes PHSC 122. Physical Science Processes PHYS 111. General Physics PHYS 112. General Physics PHYS 221. Physics PHYS 222. Physics Area 8. Social and Behavioral Sciences (12-15 hours) The social and behavioral sciences - sociology, psychology, political science, history, geography, economics, anthropology - examine the many factors that influence behavior and the ways in which human relations are structured across time and cultures. The social sciences provide a variety of perspectives, theories and methods for understanding and analyzing ourselves and our world. Upon successful completion of this area of the curriculum, students should be able to: Demonstrate an understanding of how social scientists go about raising questions, formulating theories, and solving problems. Demonstrate an understanding of the psychological, social, and cultural factors that shape ideas and behavior. Demonstrate an understanding of the diverse ways in which human relations have been structured across time and cultures. Use knowledge and skills acquired from the social and behavioral sciences to evaluate and interpret individual and collective behavior. The following courses have been approved for General Education credit in this subject area: Required (3-6 hours) HIST 101. World History to 1650 HIST 102. World History After 1650 HIST 111. U. S. History to 1877 HIST 112. U. S. History Since 1877 Required (9-12 hours selected from at least three different disciplines) ANTH 121. Cultural Anthropology ANTH 301. Culture Change and Survival ANTH 332. World Prehistory ANTH 411. Appalachian Cultures ANTH 430. Native American Cultures ANTH 451. Latin American Cultures ANTH 471. Economic Anthropology ANTH 481. Political Anthropology ECON 101. Survey of Economics ECON 105. Principles of Economics ECON 106. Principles of Economics ECON 295. Topics in Economics ECON 309. Comparative Economic Systems ECON 311. Economic Development ECON 340. Global Economy and Business GEOG 101. Europe and the Americas GEOG 102. Africa and Asia GEOG 103. Introduction to Human Geography GEOG 140. Introduction to Environmental Studies GEOG 201. North America GEOG 202. Commonwealth of Virginia GEOG 203. Appalachian Geography GEOG 205. Middle America and the Caribbean GEOG 206. South America GEOG 208. Europe GEOG 210. The Former USSR GEOG 302. Economic Geography GEOG 305. Population Geography GEOG 322. Cultural Geography GEOG 340. International Environmental Problems GEOG 481. Conservation of Natural Resources POSC 110. Introduction to Politics POSC 120. Introduction to American Government POSC 130. Introduction to Comparative Government POSC 140. Introduction to International Relations PSYC 121. Introductory Psychology PSYC 317. Child Psychology PSYC 318. Adolescent Psychology PSYC 343. Social Psychology PSYC 361. Psychology of Personality PSYC 381. Psychology of Work Behavior PSYC 382. Consumer Psychology PSYC 391. Psychology of Women SOCY 110. Introduction to Sociology SOCY 210. Social Problems SOCY 250. Social Inequality SOCY 331. Minority Groups SOCY 334. Population Trends and Analysis SOCY 446. Social Change Summary of General Education Requirements I. Communication: 6-9 credit hours II. Fine Arts: 3-6 credit hours III. Health and Wellness: 3 credit hours IV. Humanities: 6-9 credit hours V. International and Intercultural Studies: 3-6 credit hours VI. Mathematical Sciences: 6 credit hours VII. Physical and Natural Sciences: 8 credit hours VIII. Social and Behavioral Sciences: 12-15 credit hours Total Semester Hours Required: 50 credit hours NOTE: All undergraduates who attend Radford University are required to complete the General Education Program. Recognizing the diverse backgrounds and educational experiences of its students, the University provides a number of options for fulfilling the 50-hour General Education requirement. Radford University uses the College Level Examination Program (CLEP) subject exams and College Board Advanced Placement (AP) Tests to award graduation credits (see Advanced Placement and College Level Exam Program tables.) Students achieving appropriate scores on the CLEP subject examinations or on the AP tests may receive credit toward completion of General Education requirements in specific subjects areas. Students who are able to justify that their previous learning experiences are relevant to a particular course approved for General Education credit may choose to earn credit for that course by challenge examination. Individual departments are responsible for determining which courses, if any, may be challenged for credit by exam. Students admitted to Radford University who have earned an Associate Degree from a Virginia Community College based on a baccalaureate-oriented sequence of courses will be considered to have satisfied the General Education requirement. Community college students completing the Transfer Module will receive credit toward completion of the General Education requirement. For further information on the various options for fulfilling the 50-hour General Education requirement, students should read the appropriate sections of this catalog and should consult with their academic advisers. REQUIREMENTS FOR DEGREES Note: Specific requirements for majors are found within individual college/department sections of this catalog. BACHELOR OF ARTS DEGREE - Semester Hours Courses for General Education - 50 Courses for Major (minimum) - 30 Concentration in one Foreign Language - 6-12 Option 1: Students with little to no foreign language background who are placed in a first-semester course by the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures may fulfill this requirement by taking the first three semesters (the first four in Spanish) of a foreign language for a total of 12 semester hours. Option 2: Students with enough of a foreign language background to be placed beyond a first-semester course may fulfill this requirement by completing two courses above the first eight hours of language instruction (above nine in Spanish) for a total of 6 to 8 semester hours. Note: Please see Credit Granting Policy and Eligibility for Enrollment in Language Courses. Total (includes electives) - (minimum) 120 Bachelor of Science Degree - Semester Hours Courses for General Education - 50 Courses for Major - (minimum) 30 Courses for B.S. Degree - 6-8 Specific requirements associated with this degree are listed in the requirements for individual majors. Courses used to meet general education and/or major requirements may not be used to satisfy the BS requirement. Total (includes electives) - (minimum) 120 Bachelor of Business Administration Degree - Semester Hours Courses for General Education-50 Courses for Business Core-36 Courses for Major - 18 - 30 Total (includes electives) All Other Majors - (minimum) 120 Bachelor of Fine Arts Degree - Semester Hours Courses in General Education for all Majors - 50 Courses for Major (Art) - 69 Total (includes electives) - 120 Courses for Major (Dance) - 80 Total - 120 Bachelor of Music Degree - Semester Hours Courses in General Education for all Majors - 50 Concentration in Music Education - 78-82 Total - 128-132 Concentration in Music Business - 84 Total - 133 Concentration in Performance - 72 Total - 122 Concentration in Composition - 78-88 Total - 128-138 Concentration in Music Technology - 66-68 Total - 120 Bachelor of General Studies Degree - Semester Hours Courses for General Education - 33 Courses for Concentration - (minimum) 30 Project - 3 Total (including electives) - 120 ADULT DEGREE PROGRAM (BACHELOR OF GENERAL STUDIES) The Adult Degree Program (ADP) is designed to offer adult students an academically sound program providing an alternative to traditionally structured baccalaureate degree programs. This program recognizes the educational value of a variety of academic and nonacademic experiences and offers each student, with the guidance of an academic adviser, maximum opportunity to formulate a course of study, which complements the student's individual needs and interests. In acquiring credits, a student may proceed at his or her own pace and draw upon traditional and/or nontraditional modes of earning credits such as correspondence study, military credit, certificate and training programs, transfer credit, portfolio assessment, CLEP and challenge examinations. The emphasis of the program is on the development and evaluation of the student's knowledge, not on the manner in which such knowledge is acquired. With this approach, the program is aimed at meeting the varied needs of adult students who may not need or desire a traditional Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Arts degree, or who are confronted with obstacles hindering their pursuit of a more conventional degree. The ADP maintains a high degree of academic integrity, yet it is flexible and individualized. Requirements for the Bachelor of General Studies Degree General Education Requirements - (minimum) 33 English Composition - ENGL 101, 102 - 6 * Humanities - 9 * Laboratory Science and Mathematics - 9 (At least one from each area) * Social Sciences - 9 * To be selected from general education courses listed above. BGS Concentration - (minimum) 30 The Adult Degree Program offers three concentration options. These options are the General Business Concentration, the Workplace Communications Concentration, and the Individualized Concentration. The specific concentration requirements for the General Business Concentration can be found in the College of Business and Economics section of this catalog. A complete brochure listing specific major requirements is available in the Office of Continuing Education. Students enrolled in the ADP must maintain at least a 2.0 GPA overall as well as in the major. No more than six hours of "D" grades may be counted in the major. Students must take at least 24 semester hours of upper level course work within the concentration. A minimum of 15 semester hours of upper level course work within the concentration must be completed at Radford University. Bachelor of General Studies Final Project (ALSV 499) - 3 This three-semester-hour project is required to demonstrate proficiency in the selected area of study. Students must earn a minimum grade of "C." These hours may not apply to the 30 semester hour BGS concentration. These hours count toward the total number of upper level hours required. Please see the course description for ALSV 499 by following the link. Electives The student will need a sufficient number of elective hours to bring the total credits for the degree to 120 hours. Total Credits Needed for Degree - 120 ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS Students seeking admission to this program must have graduated from high school at least eight years ago; have accumulated at least 30 semester hours of formal credit through college-level study, with an overall GPA of at least 2.0 on a 4.0 scale; and have educational goals compatible with the objectives of the Adult Degree Program. Restrictions No more than 25 percent of Radford University business courses or equivalent transfer courses may be counted toward the Individualized or Workplace Communications Concentration. No more than 50 percent (60 semester hours) of the normal degree requirements (120 semester hours) may be business courses for students who choose the General Business Concentration. A total of 36 semester hours of upper level work is required for the BGS degree. A minimum of 24 semester hours of upper level course work must be in the BGS concentration. The remaining 12 semester hours may be in general education, elective, or the BGS concentration. Twenty-five percent of total semester hours must be completed at Radford University. For additional information, contact the Adult Degree Program at (540) 831-5952. Off-Campus Credit Courses and Degree Programs Most off-campus courses are designed for teachers seeking re-licensure. As more school divisions contract courses, instruction becomes customized to meet the specific needs of teachers and administrators. A major initiative is planned to enhance the offering of selected undergraduate degree programs on the campus of Virginia Western Community College (VWCC). The Social Work program is already in operation; other programs planned include Business Administration, Criminal Justice and Media Studies, pending budget approvals. For more information, contact the Office of Admissions at (540) 831-5371. Adult Education and Literacy Projects Through contracts with the Virginia Department of Education, Adult Education and Literacy Projects staff direct two staff development projects targeted to adult education and literacy practitioners: Progress for Adult Learning in Virginia, a statewide newsletter; and VAILL (Virginia Institute for Lifelong Learning), a three-day conference which provides updates in the adult education and literacy field. For more information, contact the Program Coordinator at (540) 831-6207. Non-Credit and Custom-Designed Contract Programs Continuing Education Office staff work in close collaboration with university faculty and external groups to design, promote and coordinate a wide array of professional development learning opportunities such as workshops, conferences, and short courses. These programs are offered through open enrollment, host company and in-house contracted formats. Through in-house contracts, university faculty and staff custom-design educational programs for various corporate, government, education, and association partners. A partnership with Radford University can begin with a needs assessment to identify particular learning requirements, or with the design of an educational program to meet needs already identified by the organization. Both processes take place in full consultation with the partner organization. Most in-house contracts are for non-credit; however, both undergraduate and graduate credit courses can be provided. For more information, contact the Director of Continuing Education at (540) 831-5249. PROFESSIONAL PROGRAMS Pre-Law Program Radford University provides a program of pre-law advising for students interested in attending law school. Ordinarily, students must have completed a full four years leading to a bachelor's degree before being admitted to law school. In keeping with the Statement on Prelegal Education of the Association of American Law Schools, Radford University does not require specific courses and extracurricular activities for students planning to attend law school. Rather, Radford's program of pre-law advising enables students to plan an appropriate undergraduate schedule to develop the basic skills and insights necessary for legal education. Students considering a career in law should attend the information sessions for pre-law students which are held each spring and fall at times announced in the school newspaper, the Tartan. After attending the pre-law information sessions, students may consult the campus pre-law adviser, Dr. Robert Gill, for additional advice or information. Students should attend the pre-law information session early in their academic careers, preferably during their freshman year, for help in planning an appropriate undergraduate schedule. Premedical and Predental Programs Most students who plan to attend medical school or dental school following graduation from Radford University major in either chemistry or biology. Other majors can be chosen, however, depending on student interests. Medical and dental schools require at least one year of biology, one year of general chemistry, one year of organic chemistry and one year of physics as minimum requirements for admission. Outstanding students are occasionally admitted to medical or dental schools after three years of college, but usually students earn a four year college degree before being accepted. Premedical and predental students should plan to take the Medical College Admissions Test or the Dental Aptitude Test during the junior year. Dr. Rhett Herman and Dr. Mary Roberts in the Biology Department serve as premedical and predental advisers.

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