Readings in media history
           Utinam Patribus Nostris Digni Simus

1. What is history? -- How do we see the study of history itself?
2. Revolutionary Roots -- Where did the ideas of the English, American and French revolutions come from?
3. The New Nation -- The economic and political revolutions that sustained the country.
4. Civil War Era -- How has war reporting changed over the years?
5. The American Frontier in the media -- from Manifest Destiny to Nelly Bly
6. Muckrakers, Progressives and Reds-- The media as the American social conscience.
7. Photography -- Documentation and social reform exemplify the early years of the medium.
8. World War II era Broadcasting and reporting -- The electronic medium dominates the 20th century
9. Advertising and Public Relations -- Regulation and the commercial marketplace
10. Film -- History of Hollywood and the Dream Factory
11. Civil Rights -- US and international media and the struggle for justice
12. Communication and Technology -- Innis, McLuhan, Burke and others
13. Computing and New Media -- Emergence of computers and the World Wide Web.
14. Current Dilemmas and New Horizons -- Science, environment, and other issues.
15. Meta sites and resources on the Web

n 1939.

1. Ecclesiasticus: "Let us now sing the praises of famous men, our ancestors in their generations."  Myth-making is a powerful motivation for history.  (Writer James Agee and photographer Walker Evans used the idea as the title of a 1941 book about Southern sharecroppers.  William F. Buckley pondered the phrase in a memory of Winston Churchill.)
   
2. Herodotus: (484 - 420 BC) "These are the researches of Herodotus of Halicarnassus, which he publishes, in the hope of thereby preserving from decay the remembrance of what men have done, and of preventing the great and wonderful actions of the Greeks and the Barbarians from losing their due meed of glory..." Written 440 B.C.
   
3. Thucydides: (460 - 400 BC) "The way that most men deal with traditions, even traditions of their own country, is to receive them all alike as they are delivered, without applying any critical test whatever... The absence of romance in my history will, I fear, detract somewhat from its interest; but if it be judged useful by those inquirers who desire an exact knowledge of the past as an aid to the interpretation of the future, which in the course of human things must resemble if it does not reflect it, I shall be content. In fine, I have written my work, not as an essay which is to win the applause of the moment, but as a possession for all time." (Written 431 B.C.)
   
4. Edward Gibbon (1737 - 1794) Author of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, published in 1776, one of the first modern histories that attempted to explain the past as a guide to the future.
   
5. Leopold Von Ranke: (1795 - 1886) Father of the "scientific" approach to history who said historians should report "The Way Things Really Were." Von Ranke said: "To accomplish something in history there are three requirements: a sound understanding of people, courage, and honesty. The first, simply for insight into things; the second, not to be shocked at what one finds there; and the third, not to dissemble in any particular, even to oneself. So do the simplest moral qualities govern, even in science" (Diaries, c1843)
   
6. George Bancroft (1800-1891) Author of "A History of the United States" (1834). "The movements of humanity are governed by law... The growth and decay of empire, the morning lustre of a dynasty and its fall from the sky before noonday; the first turning of a sod for the foundation of a city to the footsteps of a traveller searching for its place which time has hidden, all proceeds as it is ordered. The character of science attaches to our pursuits." (Address to the American Historical Association April 27, 1886)
   
7. Lord John Edward Emerich Acton (1834-1902) "Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely."  Acton is also remembered for his "History of Freedom" project.  "For our purpose, the main thing to learn is not the art of accumulating material, but the sublimer art of investigating it, of discerning truth from falsehood and certainty from doubt... Opinions alter, manners change, creeds rise and fall, but the moral law is written on the tablets of eternity." From the Inaugural lecture on the study of history.
   
8. George Santayana (1863 - 1952) "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it," (The Life of Reason, 1905). The Harvard philosopher's statement about history is probably the best known historical concept.
   
9. Allan Nevins (1890 - 1971) -- (Journalist/ historian) "Imagination is essential to re-creation of the past, and it is re-creation at which the historical artist aims... [a good history] shows us the workings of the human heart." (From "The Old History and the New," Allan Nevins on History).  Also: Where the differences lay (comparing North and South prior to the Civil War).
   
10. Harold Innis (1894 - 1952) -- Economic historian who put communication at the center of history.  Civilizations that had communication through durable media were oriented towards  time and orthodoxy (Egypt, Babylon);  On the other hand, civilizations  with flexible media (Rome, Greece) were oriented towards control of space and a secular, scientific approach to life. 
    
11. Marshall McLuhan (1911 - 1980) -- Media critic who also put communication at the center of history. Most famous quote: "The medium is the message."  About history:  "We look at the present through a rear-view mirror. We march backwards into the future."
    
12. Howard Zinn (1922 - present) "History is invoked because nobody can say what history really has ordained for you, just as nobody can say what God has ordained for you. Political leaders suppose that the population is as mystified by the word history as they are by the word God, and that therefore they will accept whatever interpretation of history is given to them..."  (from Original Zinn, Harper Perennial, 2006).   Note: Compare this to Thucydides' (above) about receiving traditions without any critical test.
13. James W. Loewen Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong "History is furious debate informed by evidence and reason, not just answers to be learned. Textbooks encourage students to believe that history is learning facts. "We have not avoided controversial issues" announces one set of textbook authors; "instead, we have tried to offer reasoned judgments" on them - thus removing the controversy! No wonder their text turns students off!?"

The trial of Socrattes on charges of impiety led to his execution by poisoning (illustration, right). "Piety had, for Athenians, a broad meaning. It included not just respect for the gods, but also for the dead and ancestors. The impious individual was seen as a contaminant who, if not controlled or punished, might bring upon the city the wrath of the gods--Athena, Zeus, or Apollo--in the form of plague or sterility. The ritualistic religion of Athens included no scripture, church, or priesthood. Rather, it required--in addition to belief in the gods-- observance of rites, prayers, and the offering of sacrifices." In his defense, Socrates said: "If you kill me you will not easily find a successor ... I am a sort of gadfly, given to the state by God; and the state is a great and noble steed who is tardy in his motions owing to his very size, and requires to be stirred into life. I am that gadfly which God has attached to the state, and all day long and in all places am always fastening upon you, arousing and persuading and reproaching you." (from Plato's Apology)."

History and Historians -- American historical writing in perspective by Abraham S. Eisenstadt. "What then are this generation's historians saying about the major themes that have run through American historical writing? They have retreated from celebrating America's Providential role among the nations, its mission as a city on a hill, and the singularity and exceptionalism of its society. Although some have stressed the interwoven American principles of liberty and democracy, most have turned away from a larger vision, focusing instead on different aspects of society and on localities rather than the nation as a whole. In lieu of their earlier concentration on a mainstream, essentially Anglo-American politics and culture, they have been increasingly concerned with racial, ethnic, religious, generational, and sexual groups striving for civic and legal equity. If they seem to have no unifying vision of their past, that may very well be because they are too close to their own time to gain its overall measure."

-------

"But gawd damnit, This world is so damn mean.
Nobody learn no nothing from no history." -- Gogol Bordello

CHAPTER II

The new world

1. Constitution of the Iriquois Nation 1500
2. Raleigh's First Roanoke Colony.Sir Ralph Lane, 1585
3. A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia by Theodorus de Bry, 1590.
4. Instructions for the Virginia Colony, 1606
5. Reporting on Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia, 1676
6. A Journey to the Land of Eden, by William Byrd, 1728 - 1736.
7. The Poor Unhappy Transported Felon's Sorrowful Account of His Fourteen Years Transportation, at Virginia, in America. By James Revel. (Undated, around 1700).

CHAPTER II

Politics and free speech in the colonies

Also see a History of Free Speech

1. John Milton's Aeropagitica with reading notes. 1644.
2. Maryland Toleration Act, 1649
3. John Locke - A letter concerning toleration, 1689
4. John Locke - Essay Concerning ... Civil Government, 1690
5. Cato Letters No. 15 On Freedom of Speech And Cato Letters No. 59 Liberty an Inalienable Right of All Mankind Cato was the pen name of Trenchard and Gordon, two English essayists who were well known in the early to mid 18th century.
6. The trial of New York printer John Peter Zenger in 1735 had a lasting influence on the development of free speech in America.
7. Proceedings of the Old Bailey, London, 1674 to 1834.  Suggestion: Search the proceedings for the crime of "libel."
8. Colonial newspapers, by subject, North Carolina archives & history.
9. Reporting on the French and Indian Wars.
10. Ben Franklin's Silence Dogood and Polly Baker hoaxes described; also the full text.
11. Ben Franklin's autobiography.
12. Boston News-Letter May 14, 1761. This is really an ordinary issue of the newsletter, mostly full of European news, that gives you an idea of the conditions and priorities of the era.
13. Declaration of Rights of the Stamp Congress, Oct. 1765, colonial reaction to the Stamp Act passed by Parliament seven months beforehand.
14. Pennsylvania Gazette on the Stamp Act.
15. Boston Massacre, 1770.
16. Samuel Adams on the Rights of the Colonists. 1772 Yes, this is the Sam Adams better known today through a brand of beer. Note his religious intolerance.

1. Documents of the American Revolution including John Dickenson, Samuel Adams, etc.
2. Thomas Paine: Common Sense 1776 Considered the best articulation of the revolutionary position. Also see: The American Crisis. "These are the times that try men's souls... "
3. Virginia Declaration of Rights June 1776 This revolutionary document was the foundation for the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen Aug. 26, 1789 and the US Bill of Rights (passed in 1791). The Virginia Declaration is still the basis of the Virginia state Constitution.
4. James Rivington, Tory printer in New York during the American Revolution; more on Rivington
5. From the diary of Ebenezer Denny, 1781 describing the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown
6. Notes on the State of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson, 1782
7. Partisan press and the Newspaper Wars of the Federalists and Anti-Federalists.
8. Multimedia essay on the French revolution   
9. Presidential Disrespect -- a web site exploring what the media and other critics had to say about presidents when they were in office. 
10. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity -- Exploring the French Revolution
11. Excerpts from the Aurora newspaper of Philadelphia (1798) -- This is the notorious anti-Federalist newspaper that so infuriated John Adams and the Federalists. It may have been a factor in  the creation of the Alien & Sedition Acts of 1798. 
12. The Sedition Act, 1798 Reaction: The Virginia Resolution and the Kentucky Resolution

1. Covering the war of 1812. Niles Register, Sept. 4, 1813.
2. William Cobbett on American Ships, 1829
3. Senate Coverage -- 1830 Note the lack of direct quotes or even substance.
4. The Great Moon Hoax by the New York Sun in 1835 was intended to be a demonstration of how the new, cheaper penny press was no worse than the more expensive journals.
5. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 1835 Especially Chapter 11; Liberty of Press in the United States
6. Views of Ireland's Potato Famine, including many articles and illustrations from English and Irish newspapers. The potato famine created an enormous wave of immigration to the US. in the 1840s.

CHAPTER IV

The Civil War Era

1. Hezekiah Niles: the Editor who tried to stop the Civil War -- Niles was a Baltimore editor who saw war coming as early as the 1820s and attempted to find ways to mediate the conflict.
2. William Lloyd Garrison's introductory editorial in The Liberator, Jan. 1, 1831.
3. Confessions of Nat Turner, 1832
4. Without Pity or Remorse: excerpt from Edward Abdy's America, 1836 with extensive comments on slavery.
5. Frederick Douglass, autobiography,1845
6. Abolitionist interviews with escaped slaves, Canada,1850
7. Frederick Douglass' 1852 Democratic Convention speech
8. New York Times reporter Frederick Law Olmstead tours the slave states, 1856
9. Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe (full text)
10. Excerpt from Running A Thousand Miles For Freedom by the escaped slaves William and Ellen Craft (London, W. Tweedie, 1860).
11. Narratives of slavery (University of Virginia )
12. Narratives of slavery (Library of Congress)

1. William Howard Russell reports the Charge of the Light Brigade, 1854, for the London Times. Compare the way the Light Brigade is written to Henry Villard's account of the Disaster at Bull Run for the New York Herald in 1861. Note the difference in lead structure and the terseness of Villard's dispatch. This difference is, partly, a reflection of the influence of the telegraph.
2. Reaction to the disaster in the Crimea included a famous poem by Tennyson about the Charge of the Light Brigade. The ill treatment of troops also led to bitter complaints. Rudyard Kipling's "Tommy" is one example.
3. History theory and practice of the electronic telegraph, by George Prescott, AP, 1860
4. John Brown's Raid -- Editorial reaction from US newspapers around the country in 1859. Notice how some Northern newspapers are very much opposed to abolitionism and very supportive of the South. This was the so-called"Copperhead" press.
5. Staunton (Va) Spectator, Though Lincoln is Elected, there is No Danger, Nov. 13, 1860.
6. Nathaniel Hawthorne writes "Chiefly About War Matters" for the Atlantic Monthly, 1862
7. Personal narratives of Civil War soldiers
8. Charleston (S.C.) Mercury , Editorial Against Black Confederate Troops, January 13, 1865
9. Three Months Among the Reconstructionists, 1866 article in the Atlantic Monthly

CHAPTER V

The American Frontier

1. John L. O'Sullivan On Manifest Destiny, 1839
2. An Overland Journey from New York to San Francisco, 1859, by N.Y. Tribune editor Horace Greeley, who famously said: "go west, young man." See especially:
• The big trees of Mariposa Grove. Note especially his remorse over the chopping down of the largest sequoia. That story is told in more detail here.
• Interview with Brigham Young.Greeley says afterward: "I joyfully trust that the genius of the nineteenth century tends to a solution of the problem of woman's sphere and destiny radically different from this."
3. Shall the Red Man Be Exterminated? Putnams Magazine, 1869
4. Currier & Ives prints and lithographys of everyday life in the mid 19th century.
5. Satire of the Liberal Republican convention of 1872, especially lampooning candidate Horace Greeley.
6. The Battle of Little Big Horn -- Harpers Weekly 1876 and Chief Red Horse 1881
7. Autobiography of Apache war chief Geronimo, 1903.

CHAPTER VI

Muckrakers, Progressives and Reds

1. Editorial cartoons of Thomas Nast also The conviction of Boss Tweed --New York Times, Nov. 3, 1873
2. Nelly Bly goes undercover "Inside the Madhouse." Also, excerpts from Around the World in 72 days, 1889.
3. Samuel Hopkins Adams The Great American Fraud a 1905 Muckraking era expose of "patent" medicine advertising. One example was Lydia Pinkham's pills.Also Postum ads and the Postum cereal factory.
4. Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, 1904
5. Ida Tarbell, History of the Standard Oil Co , 1906
6. Lincoln Stephens Shame of the Cities 1904
7. The death of Joseph Pulitzer, 1911.
8. Scott Nearing Great Madness and Closing Argument 1917. Nearing was the only person charged but acquitted under the Espionage Act.
9. John Reed Ten Days that Shook the World , 1918; Also -- Video: Reds with Warren Beatty as John Reed
10. The Masses magazine
11. H.L. Mencken The Scopes Trial (July 1925) Also, Mencken's The Uplifters Try it Again (1925 editorial on Gun Control) and his Last Words (1926)
12. Upton Sinclair End Poverty in California -- 1932 Literary Digest article during unsuccessful campaign for Governor of California

CHAPTER VII

Photography 

1. PBS American Photography -- Home page for the documentary series
2. Photo history quiz -- Can you recognize the photographer?
3. Daguerreotypes -- Library of Congress
4. Civil War Photos -- Library of Congress collection 
5. Puck magazine cartoons from post-Civil War era politics.
6. Masters of Photography -- Fabulously cool site that informs and dazzles
7. Spirit photography and the Brown Lady of Raynham
8. Interview with Matthew Brady 1891
9. Archive of Time and Life Magazine covers

CHAPTER VIII

Early Years
of Radio

WWII

1. Marconi calling-- an extraordinary and innovative web site about the invention of radio telegraphy.
2. The sinking of the Republic -- how telegraphy helped rescue passengers (and should have been used in 1912 for the Titanic). The New York Herald uncovers hidden arrangements concerning news of the Titanic.
3. Marconi's plans for the world, 1912 -- They included wireless telephony, wireless heating, wireless lighting, and wireless fertilizer. Hey, two out of four isnt bad.
4. Sarnoff's "Radio Music Box" memo, 1916 -- Early Radio History web site. ****
5. Radio's longest running show -- The Grand Ole Opry
   
   WWII
6. The Hindenburg disaster 1937 (broadcast) alternate site Hindenburg disaster
7. The Nazis take over Austria March 1938 (broadcast)
8. War of the Worlds Halloween, 1938 broadcast; Mercury Theater site **** War of the Worlds (you Tube)
9. The Shadow radio drama
10. September 21, 1939: A Day in Radio
11. William L. Shirer covers the beginning of WWII (broadcast)
12. Edward R. Murrow London broadcast
13. This is Trafalgar Square -- and modern juxtaposition Murrow on London Air Raids
14. Radio News misc. broadcasts
15. Ernie Pyle front line coverage (University of Indiana)
16. Ernie Pyle covers the Blitz, 1940
17. Ernie Pyle's last column from Europe 1944
18. Edward R. Murrow reports on Buchanwald 1945
19. This I Believe with Edward R. Murrow
20. Nixon Kennedy Debates

Bourke-White

CHAPTER IX

Advertising and Public Relations

1. Advertising Age -- Ad history timeline - great place to start
2. Duke University: Emergence of Advertising in America also, soap flake ad of 1916, compared to the same company in 1920
   1. J.Walter Thompson history - excellent
   2. Ad access -- cosmetics
3. Distortions of African American images: Bull Durham, and Uncle Toms Cabin (play)
4. Moss Kendrix -- African American advertising agency and the "unholy trinity"
5. Edward L. Bernays -- "scientific" public relations
6. Library of Congress: The Emergence of Advertising and specific browse pages.
7. Harpers Weekly advertising history
8. PT Barnum's American museum (Flash)
9. Helen Landsdowne Resor -- an early success in the advertising business.
10. Betty Crocker reflects changes in women's images over time
11. History of Advertising Trust (British)
12. Top ad campaigns in history
13. Specific products in advertising history:
    • Jordan car ("Somewhere west of Laramie there's a broncho-busting, steer-roping girl who knows what Im talking about..." )
    • Ivory Soap
    • Heinz
    • Coke
    • Coke and Santa Claus
    • McDonalds
    • TV ads: the Flintstones for Winston cigarettes -- And another Lucky Strike (1948) -- and Doctors smoke Camels
    • TV ad --I like Ike - Eisenhower campagin Ads
    • Daisey Ad, Vietnam film

CHAPTER X

Film, Hollywood and the Dream Machine

1. Brief history of cinema
2. Smithsonian salute to cinema
3. Robert Yahnke's Cinema History outline and Film Teaching Resources
4. Newsreels of the 1930s (list of topics at U.Va).
5. Charlie Chaplin goes to war
6. Battle over Citizen Kane Also the unofficial Geocities Battle over Citizen Kane site, Also a site about Orson Wells
7. Images that injure: Birth of a nation (US, 1915) and the black protest
8. Images that injure: The Eternal Jew (Germany,1940)
9. Images that rally: Why We Fight (US, 1942)
10. Roger Ebert's Top 100 Great Movies
11. One hundred most influential people in the films and Hollywood 101
12. Tim Dirks Classic American Films website
13. Yahoo Greatest Films websites
14. Academic Info Film History
15. William L. Shirer from Ghandi: A Memoir -- The book that inspired the 1982 movie Ghandi.
16. Films about journalism and the media (this web site)
17.  Hollywood and the House UnAmerican Activities Committee

CHAPTER XI

Civil rights news reporting

1. Soldiers without swords -- The Black Press Companion site to a PBS documentary series. Two very important figures were:
• Ida Wells -- reporter, one of NAACP founders
• Robert Abbott -- publisher of the Chicago Defender
2. Reporting Civil Rights -- a book and web site
3. Civil Rights history and early figures in the movement
   • Frederick Douglass (1818 - 1895) Editor of North Star, pragmatic, pro-Northern anti-slavery lecturer See Writings
   • William Lloyd Garrisson (1805 - 1879) -- Editor of The Liberator, led the radical end of the abolitionist spectrum. He denounced churches, political parties, even voting because the system supported slavery. He believed in the dissolution (break up) of the Union. See Writings 
   • Booker T. Washington (1865 - 1915) -- Eductor from the "accomodationist" perspective, founder of Tuskegee Institute  See Writings 
   • Henry Grady (1850 - 1889) -- Atlanta Constitution editor , predecessor of McGill, advocated "New South" but downplayed racial turmoil in the 1870s and 80s. 
   • Marcus Garvey (1887 - 1940)  -- Afrocentric separatist.  See Writings 
   • WEB DuBois (1868 - 1963) A harbinger of black nationalism and civil rights. See Writings  
4. Ralph McGill  (1898 - 1969) -- Publisher of the Altanta Constitution won the Pulitzer Prize in 1959 for his editorials, Presidential medal of freedom in 1964 for courageous stand.   See the documentary film: Dawns Early Light: Ralph McGill and the segregated South (Center for Contemporary Media, Inc., c1988)
5. Virginius Dabney (1901 - 1995) -- Editor of the Richmond Times Dispatch in the 1950s, a contemporary of McGill, a Souther liberal who did not fight as aggressively against segregation as McGill but who quietly supported equal rights.
6. The Greensboro NC Sit Ins - 1960 and recent accounts of the first lunch counter sit-ins
7. Son of the Rough South --  Karl Fleming's book about violence in Los Angeles. 
8. Hutchins Commission:  Main points ;  Realigning Journalism with Democracy: The Hutchins Commission: Its Times and Ours  
9. Dan Rather, Covering the Civil Rights Movement (1998 remarks)
10. David R. Davies, The Press and Race (Mississippi and the 1950s civil rights movement)
11. In the land of slavery, Rolling Stone, Sept 8 2005, Osha Grey Davison (Involuntary servitude on Brazilian ranches).

CHAPTER XII

Communication Technology and History

1. Basic illustrated history of communications technology
2. The History of Newspapers -- encyclopedia entry by Mitchell Stephens.
3. Henry David Thoreau's 1854 book Walden, crticized the constant rush and
   press of news and the emerging information structure of the industrial revolution. Media students especially should read the first chapter Economy, with its observation about the telegraph on p. 73 .What would Thoreau have thought of our celebrity-driven hyper-inflated all-talk all-the-time cable news system? Not much is Adam Cohen's take.
4. Additional readings about Harold Innis and the influence of media technology on empire buildling.
5. Some of Marshall McLuhan's aphorisms about media effects.
6. James Burke's Connections (BBC web site); also see Burke's The Day the Universe Changed (video)
7. Rise of the Image: fall of the word by Mitchell Stephens (Preface from the book)
8. Bias and the media -- The news media cover the news in terms of "stories" that must have a beginning, middle, and end--in other words, a plot with antagonists and protagonists. Much of what happens in our world, however, is ambiguous. The news media apply a narrative structure to ambiguous events suggesting that these events are easily understood and have clear cause-and-effect relationships. Good storytelling requires drama, and so this bias often leads journalists to add, or seek out, drama for the sake of drama. Controversy creates drama.  
9. Man-Machine merger arriving sooner than you think   -- NPR July 22, 2006 / Are we approaching a technological "singularity" and will modern people have little connection to previous generations?  Is that comparable to the social split between pre-literate and post-literate societies? 

CHAPTER XIII

History of Computing

1. Triumph of the Nerds PBS Companion site to a PBS documentary series by Robert X. Cringely is a fun, informal and insightful examination of the "accidental empires" of computing and the World Wide Web.
2. Computer history notes by Bill Kovarik is based on the introductory chapter of the book Web Design for the Mass Media. Also see History of Web Design.
3. PBS Internet History Life on the Internet series -- Timeline 1960 - 1997
4. We Owe it to the hippies -- Forget antiwar protests, Woodstock, even long hair. The real legacy of the sixties generation is the computer revolution. By Stewart Brand (Publisher of the Whole Earth Catalog).
5. History of Minitel The French Internet, called Minitel, began as a phone company project in 1980 and by 1990 involved millions of people and tens of thousands of businesses online.
6. Library of Congress Internet history links
7. Roads & Crossroads of the Internet
8. David Carlson's History of Online news
9. History of Minitel, also MIT article on Minitel also Business Week article on Minitel

CHAPTER XIV

Current dilemmas and new horizons

1. Senate votes to condemn Sen. McCarthy, 1954
2. The Sixties Project: Anti-war protest posters
3. The Radium Girls by Bill Kovarik, part of Mass Media and Environmental Conflict.
4. The End of Science Writing by Jon Franklin. "... This is the way it was. Biochemistry was deconstructing life and people wanted to know if fluoride was really a poison. They still do, many of them. Science writers mentioned life in the universe and the public thought UFO. We wanted to talk about cancer science.What they wanted was hope and miracle cures."
5. Science Fiction on the Radio -- Buck Rogers, Flash Gordon and others
6. The epitome of ethical lapses in the news reporting system occurred with theJimmy's World hoax, a Pulitzer Prize winning Washington Post story about a 10 year old heroin addict.
7. A modern day TV hoax, not unlike Orson Well's War of the Worlds, was the 1992 BBC Ghostwatch TV hoax,.
8. New World Communications and Information Order --What was it ? -- Why didn't it work?
9. Hunter S. Thompson -- Patron saint of Gonzo journalism.
10. Peace journalism == Like war correspondents but without the bang-bang.

CHAPTER XV

Bibliographic Sources and Meta sites

1. Readers Companion to American History (Houghton Mifflin)
2. Top 100 works of Journalism in the US in the 20th Century
3. Journalism quotes by César G. Soriano \
4. More Journalism quotes by Paul Schindler
5. Books about journalism by Paul Schindler
6. Movies about journalism